tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45097368292713448722024-03-16T14:52:29.709-04:00Advanced Analytic TechniquesThis blog is part of class project to explore various analytic techniques used by modern intelligence analysts.Kristan J. Wheatonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02566135545863154089noreply@blogger.comBlogger693125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-89701755266567232992018-11-13T10:40:00.001-05:002018-11-13T10:40:23.644-05:00Summary of Findings: Monte Carlo Simulation (4 out of 5 Stars)<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Note:
This post represents the synthesis of the thoughts, procedures and experiences
of others as represented in the articles read in advance (see previous posts)
and the discussion among the students and instructor during the Advanced
Analytic Techniques class at Mercyhurst University in November 2018 regarding
Monte Carlo Simulation as an Analytic Technique, specifically. This technique
was evaluated based on its overall validity, simplicity, flexibility and its
ability to effectively use unstructured data.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Description:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monte
Carlo Simulation is arguably both a method and a modifier by which analysts can
pull together pieces of information in the form of ranges and, through random
sampling of those ranges, produce an estimate. It is a highly flexible method
due to its ability to handle uncertain data from virtually any discipline. The
mental modeling required to piece apart the given problem decreases the
simplicity of the method, but plugging in the ranges themselves is simple
indeed. Monte Carlo Simulations have the capacity to produce a highly accurate
distribution of estimates. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strengths:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Applicable
with simple ranges (exact numbers not required)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Increases
confidence in estimate through statistical analysis<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simulations
produce a visual statistical distribution <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Allows
analyst to identify collection needs to improve estimate <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Allows
analyst to create an estimate with uncertain data<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Weaknesses:</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Qualitative
estimates require coding </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Statistical data can be misleading </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The result of a MC simulation is a numeric range, which
is almost never where the analysis itself will stop</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Challenging to explain to decision-makers</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How-To:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identify
the variables that are needed to answer the question (See Application of
Technique)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can be ranges
or exact numbers <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enter
the variables into a software program capable of running a Monte Carlo
simulation (Guesstimate, Microsoft Excel, @RISK, etc.)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Multiply
average outputs of simulations together to produce estimate<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Continue
adding variables and running simulations until question is answered<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Utilizing
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.getguesstimate.com/"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">www.getguesstimate.com</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> we presented the group
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in a week?”. The group then created a model to determine the number of
Big Mac’s sold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The group developed a
series of questions with estimate ranges to answer each question.
Pictured below is the model the group created to work through the
question.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The arrows connecting boxes
within the model indicate that a formula was used in order to produce an answer
in the form of a range of possible outcomes (i.e. 4.9 McDonald’s in Erie * 400
customers per day = 2000 people visiting McDonald’s in Erie per day)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
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Guesstimate</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<!--EndFragment--><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16984854216767529036noreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-29543354626165285362018-11-12T09:26:00.002-05:002018-11-12T09:26:24.751-05:00Monte Carlo Method in risk analysis for investment projects
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By Victor Platona and Andreea Constantinescua<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Summary:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Investment projects worth over €<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>50 million that are financed with EU support must
meet certain<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>conditions,
including criteria related to the size of the risk.<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>For major projects, risk analysis indicates whether
risks have been taken into account in estimating the costs. In this study, the
authors propose a risk estimation method, Monte Carlo method, to be applied in
a standardized way on these investment projects. In the Monte Carlo method,
artificial values of a probabilistic variable are generated through a random
uniformly distributed number generator in [0, 1] intervals. The method
algorithm is shown in its succession interactive five steps:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Step 1: Creating a parametric model, y = f(x1, x2, ..., xq);<o:p></o:p></div>
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Step 2: Generation of random input set of data, xi1, xi2,
..., xiq;<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Step 3: Effective calculations and memorizing results as yi;<o:p></o:p></div>
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Step 4: Repeating steps 2 and 3 for i = 1 to n (n<span style="font-family: "Libian SC Regular"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Libian SC Regular"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">•</span>
5000);<o:p></o:p></div>
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Step 5: Analyzing the results using histograms, confidence
intervals, other statistic indicators resulting from the simulation, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The authors used 23 waste management projects and a number
of 40 water and wastewater projects, which have been contracted and are under
implementation. They then calculated average, standard deviation and relative
standard deviation for the two types of projects.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The water supply projects had larger average value of a
project is €106.23 million compared to waste management projects average of €
31.7 million. They then estimated the risk of exceeding the project value. <o:p></o:p></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXebY2AtGQTJjiA67M-K0UQCnzrGqAfR7Hkn6mbmU3tFD1oDjBNfW0o7RIK_IitEaoFyDfHwHJ4789bh1mDIW1NPlRUYiUDPlNgT4_U8Dzs6VGtTr_GZtfSMjAT54weGvocYBUCFK_HPw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-11-12+at+8.58.49+AM.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXebY2AtGQTJjiA67M-K0UQCnzrGqAfR7Hkn6mbmU3tFD1oDjBNfW0o7RIK_IitEaoFyDfHwHJ4789bh1mDIW1NPlRUYiUDPlNgT4_U8Dzs6VGtTr_GZtfSMjAT54weGvocYBUCFK_HPw/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-11-12+at+8.58.49+AM.png" width="640" /></a><!--[endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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This showed that the average is € 50.75 million, slightly
lower than the chosen project analysis, € 51.76 million. The asymmetry is 0.05
- which shows a slightly expanded distribution to the right and the flattening
is -0.1 - indicating a slight flattening compared to normal distribution. The
authors also estimated the risk of exceeding the project implementation period.
Some of their over all conclusions included that competitive bidding system can
make the offering price lower than the starting price. There are higher chances
of exceeding the initially established period due to multiple situations
occurring during implementation. Finally that Monte Carlo method is relatively
easy to perform and provides important information regarding the risks of
investment projects.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Critique:<o:p></o:p></div>
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The authors laid out a step-by-step way evaluate both the
risk of exceeding the project value and the risk of exceeding the project
implementation period. If the Monte Carlo method is applied correctly and with
accurate inputs it can be useful in evaluating the risks in investments. Like
many methods bad data will cause miss leading results that could be very costly
in the financial industry.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Link: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82113269.pdf </div>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16948896274088398371noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-30275847128795369302018-11-09T19:30:00.002-05:002018-11-09T19:31:14.634-05:00The Effect of Number of Rating Scale Categories on Levels of Inter-rater Reliability: A Monte Carlo Investigation<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Authors: </b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b>Domenic V. Cicchetti, Donald Showalter, Peter J Tyrer</b></span></div>
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<b>Date: 1985</b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Summary</b>:<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The authors study how the inter-rater reliability of a clinical rating scale is affected by the scale points by using a computer simulation. There are not guidelines that exist to know how many categories or scale points to employ. Other studies have not determined the optimal number of points on a scale due to the sample sizes being too small; assembled findings that are probably sample specific; computer simulations that have employed only 100 simulations (may be too few for sound results); methodologies for the studies have varied, so it becomes impractical to accurately compare results. Most commonly used reliability statistics have been coefficient alpha or Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Coefficient alpha is used often when measuring inter-rater reliability (the degree of agreement amongst raters), yet seriously criticized in not measuring what its intended for.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Using the monte carlo method, the authors address “How does inter-rater reliability, under a variety of different conditions, compare for dichotomous, ordinal, and continuous scales of measurement.” The authors employ a test with proper reliability statistics, a sufficient sample size, and a practical number of computer simulations. A series of parameters to answer the question were mixed and put in, resulting in 240 conditions. Below are the parameters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt" , serif;">1. The scale of measurement; (a) categorical-dichotomous (2 categories); (b) ordinal (3 ≤ k ≤ 10) categories of classification; and (c) continuous (dimensional) scale of measurement (i.e., 15 % k % 100 scale points). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt" , serif;">2. The average level of simulated absolute interrater agreement: 30%, 50%, 60%, or 701E (on the average), across the main diagonal of a Rater I x Rater 2 contingency table. These levels were chosen in order to be consonant with clinical applications; this strategy stands in distinct contrast to allowing levels of interrater agreement to simply vary about chance expectancies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt" , serif;">3. The average proportion of cases in which one simulated rater gave higher scores than the other when the two raters were not in complete agreement: 50/50 split on the off-diagonals, 9 60/40 split, 70/30 split, or 90/10 split. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt" , serif;">4. The sample size or N for each computer simulation was 200, based on the results of monte carlo <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt" , serif;">5. Given the very large number of possible rater pairings as “<i>k”</i> approached 100 (here 10,000), it was considered appropriate to utilize 10,000 as the number of computer runs per simulated condition. In previous research k was also taken into account in deciding on the number of runs to employ.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In selecting an inter-rater reliability statistic, below are the criteria considered…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt" , serif;">1. It would measure levels of interrater agreement rather than similarity in the ordering of rater rankings, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt" , serif;">2. It would correct for the amount of agreement expected on the basis of chance alone, and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni mt" , serif;">3. It could be validly applied to all three types of scales that were investigated (categorical-dichotomous, ordinal, and continuous/dimensional).</span><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Unfortunately, meaningless effects can show significant value. The authors make sure the number generators produce purposeful simulations before assessing the results. The strategy was in agreement with the new factors they applied (based off of findings from previous literature), to test the study properly. Results show that there is a pattern in each level of complete inter-rater agreement in the 30%, 50%, 60%, and 70% range, and in the four off-diagonal splits, 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, or 90/10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjM31OA2-Uutbi5OGm5ei6s2DWwge3u8sXjKXmqldW43uKARNEP1NKDXEn0mKRnjueb3L7md_u3Ak0MIRdLitQN8oQiiInKC9PjZC3sEl5tNdiDfUCRPRBDFUB50R1CzZqQ1xneawFUvqq/s1600/MC.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="563" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjM31OA2-Uutbi5OGm5ei6s2DWwge3u8sXjKXmqldW43uKARNEP1NKDXEn0mKRnjueb3L7md_u3Ak0MIRdLitQN8oQiiInKC9PjZC3sEl5tNdiDfUCRPRBDFUB50R1CzZqQ1xneawFUvqq/s640/MC.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">After examining the results, inter-rater agreement is low for a 2 point scale; sometimes with no statistical significance, and was always statistically significant for 3 or more classification categories. It is apparent that the reliability levels are always increasing, and from 7 to 100; the increase is not dramatic or as significant as it is between 2 and 7. The authors conclude that reliability increases up to 7 scale points. To optimize the probability of generating a more reliable scale, 7 number (plus or minus two) is the most sufficient point scale. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>Critique:</b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Monte carlo is definitely an extraordinary method and produces reliable results, but entirely dependent on the input. The input has to be accurate in order to generate a valid output. I am not sure how useful it would be in intelligence, but it seems it can be a powerful method. When employing the method, the key is to understand how monte carlo should be applied in order to understand its full potential. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Chelsiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13621168195567847932noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-64649018051017822682018-11-09T16:28:00.004-05:002018-11-09T16:28:57.676-05:00Monte Carlo Simulations and Increasing Confidence in Estimates <br />
Daily, C., and Solis, D. (2017). Monte Carlo Simulation: Assessing a Reasonable Degree of Certainty. <i>The Value Examiner. </i>May/June. <br />
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<b>Discussion:</b><br />
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In this article, the authors demonstrate the value of conducting a Monte Carlo simulation in a business scenario. The authors present a company that will be conducting a damages analysis to claim lost profits. This scenario is suitable for a Monte Carlo simulation because of the number of inputs (i.e., loss period in years, lost revenue per year, save expenses as a percentage of revenues per year) and the variety of those inputs (i.e., 5-7 years, $50K-$150K in lost revenues, 20-30% in saved expense percentages). Prior to conducting the Monte Carlo simulation, the authors conduct a simple damages analysis by assuming the middle value of each range and calculating an estimate of the profits lost. The simple analysis produced an estimate of $450K profits lost (Figure 1).<br />
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Figure 1. Simple Analysis of Damages<br />
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" 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After completing the simple analysis, the authors then run 10,000 separate Monte Carlo simulations with the @RISK software program. To do so, the authors modified their assumptions by defining probability distributions for each of the inputs. As a result, for each simulation run by @RISK, the inputs were randomly altered according to those probabilities. The results of the Monte Carlo simulations produced a mean lost profits of $450,056, which is nearly the same as the $450K produced by the simple analysis (Figure 2).<br />
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Figure 2. Monte Carlo Simulation Analysis. <br />
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<img alt="" height="226" 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fQPGBllZWT0dnc3NzZmZzzPfP6stbm5q6Mj6VGiro72iePHhoaGoNYlxGcB6XKTAajU+z4+mhrqIUFBa++ASyTiZSzW19v7gLGRvr6ekaGhvp6ei5PTxPiYSCSkUijFhYVampo62lpnTp+KCAutq6k+evjw7l0/7Nmz+8ihg5cvnFeBwR4GBU5PTVVVVR40Nna8bb/4wRuTXZ2dt+3svv32210//LBv7959+/bt2rVLR1vrgb/f+NhoUkLCiWPHtDQ1TY4cVldTc7C3b6ivJ5NIZcXFJ44d09XWNjIwMDTQ19bSjImKXJifZ9DpVRXl+ro6+np6RoaGvj7eI4jh9cmNjY4eNzG5bm4+0N//Xk5QSGRifLza/v0tTU3yZ5dSqZTDZr968eLihQt6OjpGhgba2lrHTUwq4XAWgzE5MWFvc8tQX6+ttUUiEYMgiBgaOmBkVFxUyGQylhYXE+Pj9+/fp6mpceHcOdd79x74+mpraRkbGRkbGurr6V44f66tpYXFgoapQ3wekC43GYFA0NvbU1RYODQwsH42HZFIhFxYKCstycrMeJGTXQ6Hz87MyJufKysrRCKxqrIyJysr99Wrvp5uOp02NDiYn5ubnZlZWV7e39eb9/rV0EA/g05fXMTAS0s72to+nAGISCC0tbRkZWRkyaf5yMzMfP785YsXHe3tLBZrGYttbmrKycrKzHhekJc3NDTEoNNXVlZIRGJrS0ve69cZz569ynlRX1eHQaP5ICgWi6kUSltb28ucnOzMzJamJgqZtD45AAAqK8qbGxsoZPJ7OWGzWGOjI4Vv3uBwONG7W3ipVEomkXq6u98UFGQ8e/YyJ7u3p4cGAFKJhE6jtbe0lJYUE/B4mUwmFosBKqWstBSFXBAJhQKBYBGDgZeV5WRlFuTmtrW0TE9NlRQVvcjKzsrIKC4qRCAQLBYLOskhPhdIl5uMTCbjcjh0Gk0+HOe9vUwGg0ggkIhENpu9fq9UKuVyOCQikUQgst+1kug0GoVEYrPZErGYBgDy2cyEQiGDTuew2R/W6YpIxGaxKGQymUSSB4lEopDJayrhgyCZRMItL9PpdNG6B5FCoRCgUvE4HJlEEqybOUkmk62srJBJJCIez2DQV1Z+8uxSLBYzGQw2i/XhhBoSiQQEeXQaTSQSvVcIIpGITqPhcTgKibT2E8RiMYfNptPp8sejMplMLF5h0OlCgUAmk66+a5ySiEQykchhs6VSKYvJJBGIBDyewWB8eu1AQKwH0iUEBATEJwHpEgICAuKTgHQJAQEB8UlAuoSAgID4JCBdvoVKoWDQaPlsDqurqwQ8vqerqxwOr6utIRIIIpGIy+UuzM3V1dSUlZaMjY4ymUzxygoNAPp7eyvLyzva23HLyx/9ZgadTiaR5MMJV1dXCQT8xPj4YH//4EA/YmiIyaADVOrI8HAFHF5fW4tbXhb9Qad+4PF4szPT77qGZDweb352dnhwcKC/b2R4WD7OaUUkGkEgaqqqOtvb2SyWfFzkMhbb1NBQWlI8Pzf33koVNAAYHBiogMPramrIJNJaJ5JMJlsRifA4HINOB0EQg0YP9PcP9vcPDw2NIhCz09N8Ph8adAnxuUC6XJXJZDQAqKmqSn/ypCA/D7mwwOPxmhsboyMiXO/d83J3f5mTg0GjUQsLhQX57i4uTg4OMVGRbS0tuOXlkeHh6PBwN2dnv/s+r1++WMZi1xedRCIh4PFlpaXFhYXjo6PytOBlpdGREeEhIQmxMSmPHs3PzQ7296cmJTnfdXS+e/dFdtb8/NwfrvxlLCazv68vPjamvbVlYX6OyaAvLmLiY2Mjw8KiI8IfJyfV19YKBPy+3p6E2Fg3Z+egBwH1dbVcLpdIIBQXFnq6ujo53ElLTZmbnV3/72RkGJGalOTs6Oju7PImPx+Hw0kkEplMBvJ4PV1dWRkZ/X19FAqlrqYmNioqPjo6OiLiYWBgTFQUiUSCFkGD+Fy+dl3KZDI+n19fW+vm7HzuzGlLC/PkxAQMCpX76lVsVNSjhISwhw9NjhwuLSnp6ep6nv40MCAgISbG9OoVH2+vuurq1qamoAcP4qKj7W1tLl04n/n8GbhuOS0+CFbC4efOnrUwMystKlpdXRVLpa4uLqdOnLhjbx8eEhIdGTk1MVFfWxsTGRkdEeHi5HT6xInszAyQx928IvnygDxed2fnA3+/o0cO29vapCY9QgwN9fb26Onq2Nva+t33iYuOLi0uxqBRtrduujrfexgU6O3paW11HTk/X5CX6+Hq6uToEB8TffXypcI3b8jrhm22NjU/SU2NCo/w87l/7szp5sZGEARBEBwbGbG+fv3gAePMjAwCHl8Jh4cEBYYFB9vdumWor3fggDEajf7cBYIgIL52XQoFAuTCvJuLi/Pduz6enoH+/imPEudmZ5kMBgiCfBAkEolnTp16kZODx+H5fD6PxwNBMDoy0snBIffVK5FIJN9SkJ9vdu2qw53bzHc33aurqyKRaBQxfOum9S1r67LiYplMtiJe8XBz87t/v7e7G+TxQBAUi8UikQgEQS6XSyYSL164EB4WRv5gIPfvmqaGBl8fn+sW5l7ubs+epL3Mzu7t7u5obz9x7Gh3ZydABUAQXFpczEhPNzl8uK62lsfjDQ8N3b1z+01enpODg7/v/c6OdiqVGhwYGBkWtv6Vc5FIxOfzQRDEYrGnTp4oKnxDpwEjCMQNS0vTK1fMrl3Ny33NYrGEQiGPx+PxeNmZGdfNzaIjI6FFIiH+Db52XfJBcHJ8zMrSwuG2fURoaGF+PnZpicfjSSWSZSy2uLDQ1cXFxtq6u6tLJBSurq7KZDI2m+Xu5up4+3Z9be3a9+S+fm127Wp0ZASXw1nbKB9M7uPldcfWVt66lEgk3p6ep06esL5hFR4WOjw4uPZ5EASbGxquXLr0ODWV/evW4P6t8aagwPbWzauXLoYGB81MTxHweBoA9HR1HTxgbGVp6Xf/Pry0dBQxnPnsmb6ubkU5XCgQTE1O3rGzjY4Iv25hHhEWOjczw+Vyo8LDXe45VVVWvvf9IAiOIhCXL15saWoaHx1NT0u7Y2fX19sb9OBBSVGR6N1kS2QSKSkx0cPNbXxsDLoTh/g3+Np1ubKyQsDjHgYF3rxx47qFha+PT1tLi7w/YWlxsSA31+H27evm5k2NjVwud3V1FQTB/Nxch9u3U5KSsO9mKhseGgp9+NDd1aW/t/fDjpoH/v4O9nYlRUWrq6symaykqCgkONjb08PTzS3Az3difFzeRB0dGXG5d8/Lw72lufkPdp84ODAQExVlaW5ubmoaFxPT3NSEx+HQSGRMZKS/r6/rvXt+Pj5ZGRnDQ4OW5ua+932ePkmLiY66dOFCZFjYdQuL6MhIFBLJ43JjIiPv2NuXlZSs/3I+CA4PDYUEB/v73h9FIPJevzY3NbWxtn71IsfayirowYO1V9erKysD/PxSkpJAEITmBob4N/jadbm6KhOJRJ3t7cGBgZcuXDhx7Ni9u3dRSKRIJGIxmVOTk2UlJefPnX2a9hiDQrHZ7O6uzls3bsRGRY2NjKyurkokEjwOFxsdHeDrW15WJhQKP7wOHwT4O96+vXaRk0ik2enpgb7e4sI3J48fq62pZjIYKCTycUqKlaVFaXExiUhUdBlsMFwOZ2hgID429uzpU2dOnvR0c2ttbgZBHhqJHB8drSwv9/H09HR353I4BXl5AX5+Hm6uTo4OF86ezc7IsLe1iQwPX5ibk+vy3t27Fetm4ZRIJJMTE48SEsxNTetqagh4fE52tunVq/fu3r3n6HDwgLH19evlZWVSqZTFYvn7+t738mpuatzEooD4XfO161I+QQOHw2ltbo6LjraytDQyMmxubCARiTwuF+TxcDjc2TOnA/z8Otvbe3t6btvaWpqZdXZ0cLlcHpdLIhIz0tNvWVvnZGdzOBx5s4XJZNLevQPOB0FfH5879nZFBQV8Pl8ikXC5XC6Hw+NyF+bnL1+8WFlePj83V1JcZGVh8SIzE4NCCfj8P1j5i4RCLoczOTEREhTo5+NjYXrt+bN0EARZLBYIgmQSKTU52cnRkcVkCIWChfm5gb7e4sLCe46One3t3p4eD4MCB/v7qRRKaHDwAz/fpoYGHo9HAwCJREImk9NSU82vXQsPDSUSCAKBYHpqCl5SUpCbm/nsmYWZ2QN/v+HBQYFA0NnRbnbtWnxcHJVC2ezygPi98rXrcmVFRCTgc1+8iAwN9XRzs7a6fvnihd7u7uqKCnhpaU1V1fOnT40MDTOfPXv94sXNGze0NDVDg4OfPUkrLSoqLyuLjozcv3//rRs3EmJj81+/bmpo4AuESY8SA3x9qysrBQJBc1Pj1SuXTQ4f8vXx7urooFIoRW/eFObnw0tLI8PCzpw62dLclJz06JiJyZVLFzPS019mZ/d0ddFpf6h1ESbGx9/k5cVERro5O3u6ud1zdHycktLU0PAkNbWpoSE+JuamlVWAn69QIEAuLAz09b7IyvJ0c7vn6IDD4TKePXN2dAx+8KC8tNTSzCw7M2Owv6+qosLHy4tGp6emJF++eOG6uXnms2c5WZkDfb1UCkUkEgn4AhoVCA4MLMjPEwgEZBLp5g2rmzesqquqoOGWEP82X7suJWIxQKUmJSTYWFtfPH/+roNDXU0NjUZ7mZPjfPeutdX1W9Y3oiIiJsfHG+vrXe/dO3PqlO3Nm7a3bvnd90lNSnoUH3/29CkLM1PbWzednZwS4+MX5uZtbWy8PD1Ghoc5HE5K0qPrFubnz5y5Y2eXk5lJA4DkxMQ79nY2N63tbG6lP0lDI5E5WVlXLl00vXrltp2tw+3bL3NysP9i/YbfKQvz8xnPn9+yvnH29CmnO3dKi4sG+/tLi4vtbt2yt7WxNDMLCQ7q6+kRCASFBQU+Xp537OzCQ0MGBwb4Aj4KiUxLTbEwM7WysHBzcRkY6O/p6oqOiHBzdmYwGFkZGTbW1mbXrjrY29+2tc1//XppcXF1dVUqlTLojJc5Oe2tLXyQt7S46Hrv3puC/OVlaLFciH+fr12XMplMwOcP9PcnxsV5uLmlJCUx6HSpVDo+NlZRDi/IzystKZmanORyuTgcrr21tbwcXlEOLystbaivH+jrQwwPV1VUVJSXl8PLqiorW1taqisrbW/dTEtNZdDpQqGwt6enproKXlZWW1ODGB4W8Pn9fX3w0tKiwjdVlRUoJJLH481MT1dVVlZUlMPLysrh8BEEYv1opD8ALCZzbHQ0OyvLzsbmTV4edmmRyWTOzc6Ww+FFhW9KiorkC5yJxeLRkZHK8nJ4WdngQD+fz5fJZCKRaHpqqrSkJD8vr6O9nU6n19fW+np7PU9/yuNypyYnG+rry8vh8LIyeFnZ2Ogok8FYfVutgvm5OQIevyISsZjM9tZW3PKySCTc7MKA+B3ztetyjeHBwfLS0s6Ojk8/ZGVlhU6jLy0uLS0uymNuZiYtJcXX2+tNfj6RQAA/NoXlVwsBj8/JyiLgcZ/V789isfA43CIGs1bIr1++8L/vU11ZgUIucDkc6dd3rkJsFpAu3wIAVOzSIplE+uWPvoPFZPZ0diY/SnqUkJD8KDH5UWJifLyfj0+An19URMSb/LwlDPorLMmPIpPJeDwuamHhoxMV/wyIoeGXOTkJsbHJjx4lP0pMSkgM9A/wcndPiI1NS02ZnpoUvlvyFwJio4F0+RaZTCaVSj+rH4BEJL7IytqiqqqsrLxt27bt27dt3779+x07dmzfvn3bNgszs+nJSWg49BoymUwqkXxuc7uwoODMqVN///vf5cW6ffu2nd/v2L5t6z+/+05bS7Ohrh7SJYTCgHT57yNfTsfc1HTf3r0/7Nyptn/f/n171ffv3/n99/p6eiHBwR9dTwLis1haXAoPDdu/d++e3bv279u7f99etf379uzeteuHH8JCQhbmF6CebgiF8XvSJcjjsZhMBoPO/K0Eg0QgZmdknjh2bO/u3VoaGlqaGtqaGt9//72pqVLPCykAACAASURBVNmbomKAxQaYLCh+TZDpjJxXr48dP/799zu0NDS0tTQ11NQ01dVPnzzZ3tpKwOM3+xzY5GDQ6Swmi//Tee0gNojfhy5FIhFuebmxvr4CDq8sL6+s+E1EVUVFBbz8RXb2+bNn9+3Zo662X0tDY/++fTu3bbO6di0jNbW8sKj8TSEUvyYqS0rjwsPPHT+mClPWUFPT1tTYt3ePhpqa6dWr8NLSmqrKTT8NNjnKyyvg8LbWVgAAfmuX7R+P34cu6XR6cWGhtdV1OxsbT3c3Tw/330J4ebh7eXh4e3iYm5oaGhjs27tXS0Nj186dh7ftuLVP3Uvf0EPPwF0Xil8VHvoGbjp6Vnv3aaio7NuzR0Ndfd+ePXq6una2Nt4eHl4eHpt+GmxyuLvZ3rx518Ghq6MDhNqYG8zvQ5cUMvnp48cB9+/3dHUJBHzBb4zJ8XFvT8+dO79X279Pfcf2JyrqI8p6SJj+HBS/OuZh+khlvW5VHf9d+3dt2bJjxw4dLS0fLy8Oh8Pn/+bOhM2A39Lc/DAwEF5a+uFS8hBflt+NLtPT0oICAoYHBzcoCbFEIvl3Ow34fH5OdraRkSFMSen6nj2NqjpoJQO0kiFKsYFUMkAp6aOUDVDKhiglPZSSgTyQSvooZUOkkj5KSR+lZPDTowyQSvooJUPUj3sNkEr6KJghStlgbcvHDlRcYJQM55QN6lR1Tmz/fitM+eqVKxVw+G+tD00ikWzWVdPd2RkeEgIvK4N0udH8nnQZ/Gm6pFKpBXl5WRkZWZmZL3Ny6mprQR5vrf+UwWA0NTa+yMnJyswsLioaHhoSCATyt3Eqy8vbWlrIJJJEIhkaGOjp6iLg8Z+Yw8HBQTdX1x3/813sD+rDqvqLSkZIxcaCkgHG4BTe+jbR2RNvdxdvdxejdQK188DikcsEJ3e8/T2iq/fyRUv0/iNIJcO3R6kYLRqdw9s5Em47k9x8lq9aYXSOoTWO42zu4G7exlnbLx29jNxqhNp3GG9lv3TwInKLsYJ/lDxQSkZoJaMpJX2XHXuM9+4LDQvD4z61Xj6XlZUVPA6XmZGRmZGRlZmZl/u6vbV1bTSYbHWVxWZXlMNfvXyZnZVZWV6OXFgQCATtbW3VVVU11dXNTU0gjycU8EdHEIMD/aBCJiHu7uqMCA0pLyvjrJtrFWIj+KPpUiaTTU1Oml657Obi/DAwMDI87GVODofNlutSLBZPT015urvd9/YODAjw9vKMiY7GoNFBDwKePH6ckpQUExnZ1tJCwONTk5KeP32KRiI/NYcAkPf69bFdu+HbtKdhBhhFO8VwAWZAcHKiJkdT4yNIAffpuek4G3vshWtEL0/662dEbw96Zgo1Nmz58nWkkgFSyQipZIDWOk5wdqHnpJHue9PSE6nRD/H2dsvmVsDzRKKXBzUhiujtjTE6jbOxB1Jjlq/dQG41/lG1ig20khFSySB1u5rTmXOlP53v8svC4/H6+3qPHTVxc3EOCQ6Oi4kuKSpcew1JKBTOzMw43rkd9CDA//79AF/fzOfP0ShUdEREanLy07S00ODgJQxmcnws/Unay5wcrkL8BelSYfzRdCkRi4cHB48ePpz3+vUoAoFGIgkEvHy5q9XVVS6X09bSfOXSxbaW5oW52ZSkR5YW5tWVFQ729gP9fd1dXZFhYWkpKVUVFUEBAfm5uSAIfuItn3BF3NvR4WJi0q2qt6BkgFawUJQNkVsMaU8eU6JDls5cxBidoudlAE/iqIlhwNM4anIscrc+0dOFkZ9BeRiGVDFEKhkilfSWza7T0hMYL56jdhviblkDqbHAkzhSkCctMwmjf4oSHgU8ScI73mEWZVNiw5aOX0bCDDbFlUglI5SSEVLZoHir1pO7Lr1dXb/6hPqXsFms1uZmfT3dgrzc6clJDApFJpHWbvwBKrWmstLK0qK3u3uovz8uJsbs2rW66uqggID21tb+vr4AX9/e7u7kxMTgBw/KSkoUMyYU0qXC+GPq8tCBA/7377/IypoYG1v/kItOo1VXVppeuYLD4aRSaX5e7pVLF2Ojohzs7YcGB/t6e+NjYh4nJzs73Y2Lju7r7REKheJPKwpQuNLV1u5+9GiXqt78puhy+wHas6cEF0/kbmPUXkOCmwPjTTazIh9IT8A72CFVtJbOXGAUvKJnZqP2HUYqGSCVdQiO92jZqZTo0AWYJlr3KDU6gv4ijRzmCzyNw2gfIweF0HLSKFGB3NYa7DEz9P7DqF0HFpQMNqWB+VaX27WfOLn2baQuOWx2W0uLhrq63/37ZcXFczMz688f5Px8cmLiPUdH5MICQKVmZmQcOnAg//Wr4AcBXR0dQwMDQQEBDbW1VpYWSYkJczMzPK4ilqiDdKkw/mi6lEqlC0ikt4eHi9Pd27a2Pl5ehW8KVkQi+UkPUKnlZaWXzp9fxmJlMlleXu6lC+cTYmIC7vsmxsfFRkUFBQTERUdbmpn5eHomxMamJielP3kyOz39i0M0QKFIrstOVd3N0aWKIZCUQHuWTLrvib9jQ8tMYdWVsOpKgOdJOLubSJj20qlzrOJCZm4BSsPkrS7vudBeppGjQheUtdA6JkBcDO1xIt7OhpaZRA68T02IAB7HUOKCqUkRpEBfUqAvKcAHb2OP3GqEVFa0Mdd0mXbXdUNbl3w+f3xszObmTSeHO7ft7Hx9fGqqqtaeXc5MT0eGhTnevo1cWKABQPrTp4YGBm0tzWEPH8ZGRSXGx9/38ooIDbWxtvb38UlNSkpLSUlLTVlEo1c2cu14SJcK44+mS9nqKpvNHujvb21prqqsCH340N3VlUQkys94uS4vX7iAw+FkMllebu7lixfSHz9ub20tLy0tKSp8mZN9z9HR3cXF3dk5LSWluPBNUEBA7quXeBzu59MFhaKu1na3oyabo0slQ6SyAc7ChhwWSE0MpcQFscpeM8teMUpeAk/i8XJdnjzHKn7DzM1HaxxBKushlbUJ91xpL9PIkSFvdZkQB0THYAxO4yxt8bftcXZ2JH8f4Gkc6YEH8DiG6OZG8vejJsehdY4hVY0U3MZcp8uNvRmXSCR0Or2jvb2lqen1y5fBgQ/8fe/zuFz5v1u5Lu/euSPX5bOnTw8YG0+Oj7e3tJQVFxcWFORkZppdvRr6MDgkKPBxcnJ1VZW7i3NXRwdrI2fkg3SpMP5wupTJxGKxUCCQyWQ8Hi8zI8Paygq1gKSQSAw6nYDH11ZXX718eRGDkUjEua9fmV27Ci8p4XK5RAJhbmamHF525dLFF9nZAb6+xYWF83NzEaGhkWFh83NzP5/uZuvSCKlkiNp1cOnsFby9PcnHi11VCDyOBZ7EAWmxRE+XBRUt7NVrzDev6E+fo9WOYPSOoXYb4h0caVnJ1MSYBWUtzOFTQEoCNSQCucUItdUIrWOCPX+N5OcDPI0net8D0mKxFy3wdvfouZmLR8+gtim6z0eRuhTw+UKhUCqVolGop2lptja32CwWQKWymMz5ubn0J2kO9vYLCwtkEin9yZNTp05il5a4HA6RQBhFIIoKCi6eP/8mPz81KakgL4+Ax3u4utRWV1M2ciVkSJcK44+mS7FYzKDTpycnlhYXhwYHEuJivTw8CDh8e0tLZ3v7zPR0V2enhZlZS1PT7OxMamqKvZ3t9MSEfG3Vmenp1OTk23a2M9NTjxLiX+Rk9/f1hT18+CghAfVLXeS/CV1+fxCtcRSjd2r5nBULnkd0dSJ6OlNTYoAnjzCGJ0kB3vTX6eSAYLTWSZK/59KZC8vXr1MTIhgvMzD6pwhOjvTnyeT7AUgVQ6SSAWq7AdHNjZocTfTzxN+xoaZE4axsic4e9KwnmEOnUArvIleYLnk8HhqFmhgfw6DRLU2NsVGRD/z9QB6vpalxcKAfjUI1NTTcunGjva2tu6szNib6zu3bNBpNIpFIpdIRBCI0OPhhUNDgwEBOVlbm8+cjiGFPN9fG+nqASt24PEO6VBh/NF2KhMLREYTtrZvXLl8+dfz4HXv70qIigUAQFhLyMDCwtaUFubDg7ux81MTk0IEDVy9dSk5MlHdfSiSSxvr68JCQ9tZWPghmZ2ba2dwyu3r1ppVVU0MDg07/+XQ3W5eGSCW9ZQtL2tMETkMZu+INJdIfo3McrXWE5OXN66znttWAQx3UhKil0xeXz1qJFudIwf6YI2fwNo6c+lJuex1/pIf+LAl7yRSppLegpL94/CzwKJoS9BCtdgRz8CQ94zGr9DWrKAeIj0b+cAAJU/Q/A4XpkkQkvsnPu3zxwqULF04cP+Zw+3ZHW5tYLA7w80tLTUEjkVgs9uaNG6dOnDh08IC11fXC/Hz5cx4Om11TXe3j6YlaWGAyGC+zs29YWppdu2p9/fpgfx8IbuAATEiXCuOPpkupVEqn0Zoa6h8lxD978qSjrY1Oo0kkkvGxsbGRERKRKBAIkAsL2ZmZSYmJVRUVRAJBfqBEIsEtL0+MjbHZbKlUuryMraoof5ySUlpcTKVQfnHays3WpRFSyWDxyFm80x2irwfupi1G+wRqizFyiyFG9xTOyo4c4oe/67R45CJq50H0/uN4+7uLh86jfjiIVju2fNWaHOpH8HBbOnUVtfMQUskQqWSI1jq6dPLKovF5pKohcrvR0llTgosT/o7D4sELSNhm9oxvtC5FIhEejystLkpKTHiRldXf18dhs2Uy2cjw8OzMNIfNFggEE2Njz58+TU1Kqq2poQGA/LGmgM9fxGCGBgcFAoFELEbOLxQXFj5KiK+vraUBwIaOKIJ0qTA2XJdisRgxPFz4piDv9euCvLziwsLZmRnRuo5C7NJSU0PDy5zsly9yGuvr1/y1Hvk744F+fkOf8FaPWCxm0GmzMzMYNJrFYq2ursoXsOWDoHy8sVQqxS4tLczPr79FkslkQqFwbSIsiVhMIZMX5ueJBMKnlAZftNLd1u5mYtKlqrOgpIdRMkArKzj0MbsOLOkdWzI8sbj/EFpZX74RrWqA2XMQe+jUovphzDZDtLI+RtVwcc8BzHYjtIoBGmaA2XkAe+jUoo4JZofRu6MMMNuNMN8bYbYaopX10cr6mJ3GS3rHFrWOYrYYrn1GkYFRMkAq6RWraKQ5bKwu5VVPJpHmZmeXsVjeu9dyQB5Pvu6xTCZbWVnBoNEoJBIAflywU/7Qc23kkEAgIODxszMzNADY6Cmiuzo7wh4GQ++MK4AN1yUfBJ89fXrHzi4kKCguOjoxLm6gr0/wbgZsAZ9fWFBw38srwNc3IjTUzcWloa7uw9FqAJX6IivLzdk5Jyurq7PzNxgtrW3P0tKsjAwzd+uU/qBXvssAvgmhD9+lB9+lB9+l/7Ht+j/dov8JR334mU35XQbluwxKf9CL3aHpa3Y9Iz1906v7NxXP09N9fbzramq4Chnm+TWz4bpkMZkhwcE2N2/WVFYihobGR0cpFMra2G8cFuvm4nLrpnVnW9vM5OTlS5eiIyM/7IZms9ltzc33vbxcne95eXh4e/62wsfT09Pdzfam9clDB13MrnlbWfpA8aXD+7rlncsXr1+5fMfOzsfLc9Mr/TcSXh4eLs73HgYFjY+OCqB1ODYYRejyYXDQdXPzooI3E2Nj7y2OONDXd++uY3h4mFQqlclk3p6eHq6u9bW1H36PVCrlcDhkEgmPw21iEPAf24jDYVDI1uamhPj48dkFNIG8SKJC8WUDgyf3DyFqa2qGBvqJBPy/qovfyCmhyCARiSwW87c2RdMfkg3XJYfNzniWbm9r43LP6dZN65SkpNmZmbW9TQ0Ndx3uxMbEyP984Ofn4epaU1Ul/3NFJJqbmWlvbW1tbu7q6MBhsUwGg81mszYNJovJYDEZLBZz/VY2i0Umk3q7u1OTkpaWsAwmi8XmbGgwN/j7f3PB4TBY7KnJybbm5qmJCY78HGAyWEzmxytKQXz8fFBsFphcLuez1iKG+LfZcF2uiERzs7Ntra3VVZVxsTHXrlwpfPNmbWKrupoaxzu342Nj5X8GBQR4uLpUVVTI/xTw+e2trZnP0h8nJ0eFhxfk5s7NzjKZTACgKT5oAI1KoRDwOAqZBADAT3bR6AQ8oaujIzkxEYVEAVSARqPTANrGBEAhk4kEwoZ9/6fmgUKhKCxFOo0OALTx0dGmhobxsTEmkwkAAAGPJ5PIABX44nX9qUEF5Lc7AJVKo21aHgAAYLHYUONSAWz8QKJ31QiC4EBfn8mRIynJyfI7CCqV2t7actfBITwsVP7v0cvDw8vdvbG+Xn6ISCSaGB9vqKsrKSoMDw0JDQ4e6O9nszm0TYJMImPQaCKBSKUC67fT6QwCgdDV0ZmUmIhEouQC3aA8UKkAAU9YXFwEgF/+8AYBUAECnkAkEBWXJJ0O0Ohjo2NNDQ0T4xMsNodKBRYxGCKB8F5dKBIqlUokENAoFIVC2bga/3kAKkAikshkshTS5caz4bqUrKzQaTQigSAfMHTl0qUX2dkjCER+bm5VRcXY6Ii3l6ebq+v05OQyFnvDyir04cOx0ZH3voTJYFTC4VHh4Yjh4RWxGNwkWEwWbhlHp9G5XO767XyQT6PR+/r6HqekLC/juFweCPI3KA9cDhcAaAQ8gcfjbVASn5QHKkCn0RSYJp/HA2emZ9paWufm5oUrYi6Xi8fhP6wLRcLlcGkADbuEZbM5G1fjPw+Py6MBNDKZAulSAWy4Lhl0WlbGcy939+AHD04cO+bu4jLQ318Oh+vp6Fy5dBGJXEh/+uTCubMXzp61vm55/KhJRXm5VPp+6vKlzeS6FIlWeFzeJgSPx2Qwl7HLNBqNw+as3wXyQAAA+np6HyenYLHLHA4H5IEblA0OmwNQATwOz+VwN6cc5HmgUOkATWEpgjyQy+VNT023tbTOzswKhCIOm4NbxtGA9+tCkcFmswEAWFpaYrFYPN6m1QWVQoV0qRg2/tnliqijrTU8JOTunTuhwUEjCASPy12Ym3uZkwMvLWEwGLjl5eLCN2737tnb3IKXlRKJHxmm/pvQJfdndUn9iS437uKBdLlelwAVgHQJ6VJhbLguZTIZhUIeQSDaWlsnxsdAEFxdXeXxeHgcjkwiraysSCQSEpHY19vb3tZGpVDE4o/08UG6XH95QLqEdLm+LiBdKozfxzvjkC7XXx6QLiFdrq8LSJcKA9LlZwSkyx/zAOkS0uXXB6TLzwhIlz/mAdIlpMuvD0iXnxGQLn/MA6RLSJdfH5AuPyMgXf6YB0iXvy1dkqXQaz0bj+J0KZVKuVyugM9/78sFAgGDTieTSCQiiUwicdjsD+cHhHS5/vIAqACeQOSBAh5fCPKFoEAI8oU8UMDbsMGeH8kDpEtIl18fCtKleGWFQiE3NzXNTE+zWaz1u+bn5hrq6yrg8Jqqqrqa6tnpKe4Hk0JDulx/eQBUAI/DcZisd8HkMJmKbGxCupTHb0mX0M24IlCQLilkckFe3o7t26MiIuZmZ9fvSklOPnf69A1Ly4eBgSFBQQ11tR+uAwXp8sfLg8OlkkjLk2NATzO5o4HQVrfcXI1traPMjHMYdMVctJAu5QHp8mtDEbpEzs/nZGZaW1030NcLCQqanJhY2yWRSGKio60sLF5m5xAJBCKBwGazoJvxn7s8QAFlaQmZ92r66LWRgxf6D55rP3C66eylscdxDDwO5AsVc4lCuuRBuvz6UMR8lwV5eSHBwY8S4m1v3YqKiJgYG1vbK5PJoiIjj5mY3HVwyMzImJmeXlsdZT0MOh1eUhIN6ZLL44BCyiJmISN9bLtxH0ynA6ZVD1OvUtMfigigY5dAAaRLxQWky6+NDdclYmgowNfX0929MD//tq2tn49PT3e3eN1spgV5efa2NjcsLa2vX4+JikQMDQnfzaEvFktIROLC/PzQwMDTtLSw4OChoSG+QMhisRUfbBabTqMtLS5RKFQmg7l+F4fDoZApPd3dKUlJi5hFJpPJZm9UNhgckIhGzWU8HfneuFdFt01Fuw6mXqlmMBDxAFha4vD4CigKBoNJJpGpZIriCp/NYbHYkxOTLU3N09MzPFDAZDCxS1gKmfJeXSgyGAwmmUxZxCzS6YyNq/GfDyaDSSaTySRoAjdFsOG6hJeWent4eHm4J8bFnTx+7Lq5eVVlxfrFy9BIZEtjY0FubmRY2NEjR548fkx6txikQCDs7+srKniTlZHh4+UV4Os7MDDI5YGbMz0wjU4hUzBoDJFIov50SloGg0kkErs6O99ODwzQaDT6BmWDymDj5udnnj8Z/sG4S1W3WUW7WkW9XE2/L9yfjMEw2FwFFAWVCuDxBCKBqLDCp9MZdDpjfGy8qbFxcmKSzeFSqcAiZlE+96jCsvFBOVAJeAIahaZSqBtX479YFwQCkUQiSSFfbjwbrstFNLq2ujorIyMuOvrU8ePXzc2rKip4XK5MJntvdRGZTHbd0vKBv//I8LB8i2hlZWF+oberu66mJi4q6uGDB4ODgyDIp28GDAYDoFAWMRgyiUwDaOt3MRlMEpHU3dWV8igJjULTaXQmg7lB2QCYHPzCwuzzJ8M7jbtUdVtUtKth6uVq+v0RARQMhsnhblC6P8kDABDxBBKRpIC05DAYDAadMTE+3tzYNDU5xeFyaTTa0uIiiUii0Wi/fPzGAAAAkUBEo9A0gMZgMDYlDzSARiQSSSQSZEsFsOG6FAmFbBaLRqNNjI/b3rQODngwNDg4OTHx9PHjN3l5ZBJpfm5uZmqKSCBUV1YcNTFJiItbxmLlx8rX/uZxeXgcrqigICosbHhoWCgScTncTQkGnYHFYgEAYLPY67fzuDwqldrb05uanLK0hGWz2VzuF00a5POEYp5IHhJgGYt8kYX4/kCPim4rTLsWpl6pZjAY8YCGXeLxBQooBxaTRSVTaFRAcYXP5XE43KmpqdbmlpmZWb5AyGaxl7HLAPX9ulBksFgsKpW6tLTEZDK/cI1/crBZbOjZpcJQ3DB1MpkcGRaa/TxjYW5uoK/P19v7UVwcdmmpAg6PjY5KfvTIx9PT18enva2ND4LvHcug08uKi7/Srh42h0PEM6ZGaRMI6vgweXx4qbV+MjYSscO4B/ajLociH9Cx2J909QhEoHDlJ8EXfKnuBairhwd19Xx9KE6XPC63s6NjBIGg0WgYNLq0pKSpoYFOo/V2d7968eJlTk52ZmZPVxcNAD48lv7VDiTiC3gMOq2zYzEgeN4vYMrXb+S+X6+rW+c1y+Gthm91qfy2dblOlyCPB7KXlxjTE8DoMHV0mDwySBodZuCWuRzOr3/5B9KlPCBdfm1A74x/RmyCLkViLkAlZb8a26rfB9PsgGnUKavBVdQqt2gNqer3wHRblbVqlNUq1PQH3upSxOOBPJDP4wupNaWLsaGzvp6Tvp4jPq6Dfl5LzfUcBoMH/to2JqRLeUC6/NqAdPkZsTm6pFFJr3LH9hr3q+h0wnTqlbXKt2hW7dRZr8tyNf0B+c24cIUnEPFEK3yJbDkufOzA0R6YeitMvRa2r2K75mTaMyZABQW/tgAhXcoD0uXXBqTLz4hN1eWBPhXdDphOnbImfItm1U7dIVWDHpheq7J2tbJa+X79gTB/GhrJ43C4TCaHxeJxudjYsPGDJ3phWm0wrTpl9co9OpPPMiBdfsGAdPm1AenyM2KzdEl8lTu617hPRacdpl2rrAnfolm5U0euyxZl7WpldfhO7W5TU1R4OCYxYT4udio2diwudtziOkLjUB9Mpw2mXaesXrlPd+o5pMsvGZAuvzYgXX5GbKIuR/Ya96poy3VZtkWjcqfOoKp+D0y3RVm7GqYB36LRvt9o1MAEYXi0x+BIi96hGt0D3erGgzsM+mC6bfLuoH26k5Auv2hAuvzagHT5GbGpujTqfde6XNNlN0y3RVmrGqYBV9FoU9EehukMwLTbYVp1MHW4slr7Vp1+Vb3ed73nFR/VJQ/k8fjrAuRxf7nfHNKlPCBdfm38JnQpf8NHJpX+qw9AukTsNepR0WmHadcoa5aqalS802WzslYVTAOuqt62TXdYRX8AptcO06lT1ipX0ejYrtu/5a0uaz6qSx7I4wt4IjEofBs8gYjH43/KJQrpkgfp8utDcbqUSaUigQDkcldW3l9JnE6nj4+NIQYHwY9NR7QK6fLVa7ku29bpcmCdLstU1du26Q6p6PfD9NpgOnXKWvAPdFm+96e65IE8DodLp3HIRDaJwCIRmAQck0RkM+i/ODAT0qU8IF1+bShIlyCPNz42FhT4oLIcTsDj17ZLpZL+vr7UlBS/+/cD/PySHz2anp768PCvXpe5iD1vdVn9Tpf9qnpd63TZuk13SEWvH6bbBtOW67J9u27fe7rMymExmeCKBBSu8EViLplAra/BhIbNP3w4Hfxw9EHAREoitrOFLxL/vDEhXcoD0uXXhiJ0KRQKx0ZHwkNC9u3dGxEWOjs9vbaLxWImJsTb2djExUQ/T0+3MDPNffWKRnv/xR5Il4g9xt0qOq0wrWpljRJVjfKd2v2qel0wnSZlrUqYeqmKeus2nUEVvb63utSEq2i0bdft26LXA9NtgWnVKKuX79GZSE6hIedY+GXG8hIDhwWGuhcjIsa0D/drHezUPNCgoddqemU6N1MgkYHgz92SQ7qUB6TLr40N16VMJkMhF56nP71w7qyutvbDoMDJ8fG1vQvz805377q5uhAJePGK2N7WNjjwAWJo8L0vYdDppW/fGUesrGyOLkEej8Vk4pZxNBqNw/mpLkEQAIC+3r53uuSCX2qVsR+fXRp3q+i0wLSq3urybeuySVmzUvl9XdYqa5apqK/XZbWyevn3WsOOzthn6dicbHRmxnxWxmx8zKTFLQRMtwem3QbTqoHtazx5ZjL7iVAiA/lCHsh/Gx/8Fvl6QZugy+nptpbW2dk5gVDE4XBwyzga8H5dKDI4bA4AAFgslsVif7Ea/8zgcrgAFYB0qRg2XJcCoTDj2TPn7SNA6QAAIABJREFUu44xkZFe7m4xUVFjo6Nre9taW5wcHaIiI+UpBvj5ebi61lRVrX1AKpWKxWIaAFSWl8dERIwgECsrKyAP3IQAQRaThcfhGXQGl8v96S4+jUbv7+tLS0lZXsZxuTwQ5H+ZROW6fJ07ste4R0WnTflt61L+7LJLRbcZplUFUy9Vfb91Waai3r5Dd2CLXt/bm3GNChX1Lpj2iLJuP0ynHaZdp6xRp6LZqao7qqrfB9Nth2nXwNSaTp+bfvlMJJbyxRJwRQKuSECRmMcXgjweyOOt5YrH5cmnsFNg4fO5PHB2Zqa9tXVubl4oEnO5XDweT6fT368LBQaXw6XT6MvYZTabA4Kbkwd5XUC6VAwbrsv62lpPd3d/3/ulxcXXLcxdne81NtSvrfVYX1vreOd2XEy0vFs80N/f0821uqpSvlcgEHR1drzMyU5LSfF0dfXz9unu7mEwmBQyZVOCgMcj5+eXscskIuknuyhULHa5vbUtMT5hbm6ORCJTKF8oURqdtIhBZmb37jNuVdWpV9UqU1Ev2KpetEu7Y7t+8xadGlXNElX1gi3qdTt0urbodajqNqhqV6hqvtmi3rhTt2ObXpuqbq2qVpmqetEW9eYt2r2quh2qOg2q2hUwjfKtmk3bdfu26ber6tarasNV1KpMTgzGh5GnxvCjQ8sjA1hEP3ZsGI9Bk0nktSyRyWQSkYRdwuKwy4orfAqFTKYghhENtXWjIyM0Gp1EJCEXFj5SFwoMEpG0jF2en50jEoibmAfcMo5IJH6pCxbiZ1DEbOp37O1Nr1696+igo6N95PChxykpixi0fG9jfb3jndux0dGrMtnq29alS3Xlj7rs6ep8/eLFk9RULzc3P2+frq4uOp1OIpI2JXDLuPm5OewSlkAg/mQXiby0uNTW0poYHz87O0sgEEkk8pdJlAoQMaiFjMyefUYtqtp1qpqlKur5W9ULf9Du2K7ftEWnWlWzWFW9YIta3Q6dzi16bao6dapacFWNAlX1hp267dv1WlR1alQ1S1XUC7eoN23R7tmi166q26CqXa6iUb5Nq3GHTs82vVZVnTpVrTIV9Yp9Bp2nL03ZuwzbOPXddOywvtPp7j1dW47HYklkylquiATi0uISdgmruMInkYlE0vDQUH1tLWJ4WD6F+PzcPHZx6f26UGAQ8ISlxaW52Tk8nvDFavzz87C8hCUSiNAy4wpgw3U5OTFRWFDwODU1KjLyyOFDVy5dyn31anJifHhocHpqqq+nx9nJyd/Xl06jrayInRwdfb29O9vb5ceKxWLcMnZibKyroyMtOTkkKGigr4/L5cqXIlBwMOgMCpmCQWNIRBLt3XIIb3cxmAQCsauzM+XRIzQKTaPRGYwvlCibS8PjFrNf9O81alfRaYRplcM0Creol+7U7t6q36qqU6eiWQZTL1JVb9yu06Oq16Wi26iiVQnTKFJVb9qh27VVr0NFp15FsxymXqKq3qqqPaCq16Wi26yiXQXTrNqm1bJdd2CLXoeKTpOKVqWKRrWqZsc23ZHtBt3b9Jq36lRv0aw1PjHxOoNKIDBY7LVc0QAakUAkEUmKK3wGk0anj4+NNTU2TkxMsNkcGkDDYNZmU9+E80FeDiQiCY1CU6nAl6rxfycP8sUnIF1uPIobd4nH4e45OsZERIyPjQ0ODAT4+SYlJMzOTIcEB9vb2sJLS/v6+kyvXUtKTMSg0e8dy2QwKsvLYyIjRxCIlRUxuEn85NnlT/jYs8svAX9FwqNRCa9yh/cad6notChrVSlplKiql+/U7lPV74TpNiprVSirl6qot2zTHVDRfzdsSKNURb11u27vFr1umE4zTLNKWR2uot6hojOsoid/UlmrrFmzVat9my5CPrMRTLsGplEH0+xW0RmHyYcfadUqq9cbHp/Ny2LTaHyB8G2e1j+7VBx83v9n7z7/2rjShgH/E+/zPJtNmCZwSWKkGVWym2w2m8SbOD3e2LHjHnfj3sDGBhsMphfTDAabjpAQEiBUQRKi9256EUVUdSQhAe+HQRgb20mcxNn1cn73h0SaGY1H1uUz55y5b6Op/YmxS5Vj7PIPao+PXf423/gvbWtjly+zvTwuR0dGPC9ejAoPa2ttFQoEX33x+eGDBwf6+wvz8w/9eOAdN8Zf3nHb/cMPpXL56n3/axcSmaw2w+TEcEpqtet7CpgmBilcAGMiWO4GWjnyjhyiC0FKHojlwJjEhVEJu5VBDAlEzQfJORAqXUcvIzBKIboYovBALBfGZDCtBnbDcSwAKQXO1BIXRg3ipoToUoiaD5ELYUopwmiA8NRwND5ILvrr5vb0e7qpqZUVzNcWEuGxtpDov629PC7NZnNrc3NPd7depxtXqyvLyxvr600mk8FgqK+ru5+UdCcior2tzbSq8sTiGpfP4FIG0QUghQNiOTAqdqFXwHhf8kkuRSCF6+Cy+hGX5HxnSokLowZ/Ogii5oPkQnyuHMKTd1ALQWyNy+fEGpf/be3lcTk/Pz87O2sxm+12+9zcnNFgMJlM8/Pzi4uLJpNpWKXq7+uzWixP3fe/ncsHqdWbnuSybAWXzKdwiUnXMZQEN4WDSzaMlcC0athNuYrLUoiBL3cvgCkKhF4PuZVBdAlILXgql0aj3mSenNFOa/XLVYCMz13W/htchzUunxFrXL7M9m+RYuMn2xqX1Zvek8M0MUjJA7BsBGM/jcty2K0Uooshaj6ILXMp//lcglgBTJYj9HrITengkv/XzW3piY9xqdfrJifGhwYnVIPaiXHNuFo7MaHXan/XK7/G5bNijcuX2da4/AXxB3JZtek9OUwTPc5lCUQvAim5j3Mpgqg8EGNCqMTBJT6+yYKxYphWBbuVQgwpRM0HsXxnSrELowZ5R4E/TPk4l1KQWgBihX/d3JZ5Tzc1NWuxGmdnjSaTUTMzUSweyMnuy84cYOf05GT1FuRNdnca9IZfXzTtmddhjctnxGou5+fnrdY5s8XyM8NiscxZrQtrC5F+Rlvj8hfEvxmXbiu5FD3GJRnnsvQRl+hKLiUglefgshpxU0B0MUTlgVj+U3qX/2zLStaNT8xa5kwWq9FoMoyouvb+WOP2gZL8NznlXSH5HdFnn/bw8vRa7crxzd821rh8Vqzm0mAwqIaGurq6e7p7Vkd3d0/34623p0c1OGg1mxcWnplBca3hbY3LXxB/FJeqB6lVm951cIniXCofcYkuc6l4xCUmdnApgCh5IMpewSXel+Q5U6QujCrEMb4JLXO5lBquACQXUN5vvHl5mJ02ks8czMvsZad13Y9tfv/zynVuCgK9mEAtdMb4f/ugi83Sa9a4/APiCS7Nc7bWUgXrygXm7h+y9+3O2rcnc9+e9L27U/fuSt2768GeXcm7f0javTNx1867P+yI/+H7uzu/D//+O4+d3yu4uZqJ8T/6h/7v3ta4/AXxkrictSzl67XaZm3zRs3McHpW5aZ3ZTBNCFI4AJqFYKwN1BVcYtkwJnKhl8FuCogudNyM41zi45vLvctKfHwTpHABjEugSF3oy1zmgVg+RJYh9DroHSXEEIPUfJCcv55e9bctLZ9va/hye+Xn38k/+7Z485c1G96tQBgKmC6FqAUQWvjeB10slk6jWePy5ccTXBpmrU0F+fk7tild3YqJf5UQ/yok/rWI+JcC17/wXN/huLqxXBnZm+iZm2ipb9MevE1NfYsS8Ra6D0VzY++Mqwb/6B/6v3v73bm02WwqlaqpsbGxvr6luVmn080/njV9emqqq7OzqbGxqaGhubFxdGTEYjY/cZD/Ki71E+Pa/t6Zro7pro6profjjbW9kXcq3/5rCUwTgpRcAM1C0JVcskEsG3qMSy6IZUOoaB1DQcCTq1M4IJoDYVKYVgm7KR5xSZY40yuRpemgPBDjObgshegikJoPkfNhcjmBUQvTyyGaFKLwISwfwiohejniJkcYUohaAOG9S/Yal3/IOTzBpc5kaeZxxVu/bYEotRC9EqKXQbRSiCaDqBKIIoTIfAjLB9E8kMQCSUyAmAO4xoJv7XnzrezI0LHBgd/qV/+qthfk0mq14kuCFhcXtRpNX29vS3Nza2vLQH+/5fHFQAa9nl9QEB4SEhUefvuWX0lx8eTExMoNSuXy8NCQmz7egf63gm8HlEil01NTT3zcfwuXRpNRb5iqLlclx/eGBnaGBLaFBDXd8q3df7h8w19KILpgFZd8kMIG0SwIFT7OZRaEitbR5QQ8QRE5F0CZECaBaRWwm/xxLisQN5ljOogHkUsQei2E9zepPIjMQyjlG96phd3KIYYUohWB1AKYUgkzygkMOUKX4L3LpZvxNS7/gFjNZVM+T/CvrXUQtQJiKCGGHKKXQDQJRBWAlEKQwgPJHBBjAWg2QMpwImU6Ee+Ab+95+21mVPgylwsLCxaLeXJiYnRkZGx0dGx0dGR4eFytfmJNtM1mW10ZYWFhwWazmYxGq9W6/Ar+5NVPd8IWFux229zc3PyKLefm5jQazejo6NjoqNFomH/uQeasVp1WOzMzrdfrtFqt1WKZm5v7DTt/L8Ll/MLCsErV09Vl1Ovn5+eLJWLPS5e2fv31jm3bfLyu9fX2rtx9cmI8IT7O8/LlsODgzz/99Ifvv5dKJCuPFuB/6x0GffPHHx0+dPDooUOs7Gz1qvQq/x1cmoyzFqPeMJyY0PzB5nIIk0HkIgjlQWgRRFEibsUOLjMRNGcDVYm4FUM0PkjGuRS40JVLXFKe4JIPktmPc4njuNy7lEF0AUjlOLisWeYSJHMRStmGd2ocXPJBSr6DSxlCF4PUfAgt/Nvf17j89+GyMZ9b9K+t1RBVCdEft5LMA7FlK9OdiKlOxHQn1wjgrd1vPcal3W4fGhzgsHLio6PjY2LiY2KjIyIy09La29oW5udtNtv8/PzCwsLU5OTw0JBtbm5+ft5ut9tsNrvdPm+3T09NNTc2DqtUi4uLiwsLNputuqqqtbnZ6MhDtri4iO+CT8cvLCzgu8/Nzc1MT40Mq7QazfI96IRaLRYK42NikhLu1tVUazUafMeFhQX8NObtdrvdjm8/rFLJi4uFRfyaqkpFSclgf//osGp6chJ/175iyxdrL8KlxWxOeXA/LCR4WDU0rFKddD9x8MB+n2vXfH18tv/rX5FhYQ872pc3ttvtWq12cnKyv68vIiTk+23bClaks7Tb7QH+/j/s+D7l/n21Wj2uVhv0epvN9sQn/ldxOXI/qfnjLRUQTQ7RBCAlH6YICDQcx2UumRuoCoQhhWiFIDkHRDMdXMogugCicEAsEySt4hKVwLQKmLGCS4rEmVH5aP0myoXIxY+4pHAhMhehKDe41cCMMogugWiFIIUHkyuWuYSoPAgt/NvfO9lrY5d/zDk8waV+1tKYzy3curUCoiggeglEEy9bCWAcAGUBaDaAZjgRU52ID95wffDGpjCnN3e9+VZWZNhKLrsePoy5c+fwgQOfb9ny0YcfnjpxIiTwdkVZ2bhaXVFWPjY6YjQYWEzmFY/LxRJJf29PY319ZXl5R3u72WxubWkJCw2RiMWLeEfVbPa+fj0uJlo1NIQf3zY319vd3VhfPzkxsTA/bzQaH3Z01FZVtzY35+bkeHt5ZaSmDvT34Q6UyuXnz5zZtnXrxXNn3Y8dS753r72tzaA3aGc06rFRk9HY3dlZX1c7MqxaWFiIjY4+efx4gJ+fgM9Puns3LvrO9atX42NjhwYHrVZrU0NDU2OjemzsRbV8IS6tFkt0VNQpd/cSqaSvp+fwoUN3oqI62ttrqqu9PD3PnzmjePy5b6vF0lBff9vff/cPO+NjY3u6u5ffstvttwP8P/rHB7t++MH/ll9VZYVWo1n9iTPT0xw2O+C/h8vNn1VANDlEF4CUfOQRl0UghQ2gGTDK3ECVIwwJRC0EsSe4LMK5hEjC5/cuASyPQBE7Myoe4xLDucS34UJYHkJRbnCrXuKSusxlGYJzSeFBaMEal/9OXDbwuPlbvy2DKMv9ygKQzAXJHODRPXiaE/H+G6733tiU9PrbwU4bd258jMuFhQW9TtfV2ZmRlnbqxIldO3bISkpaW1q4HM4tX9/rXldveHvn5eZ6XLr097+9d/qk+93Y2NCgoFs3bwbfvp364H5tdXWAn18Rn7/o4PLihfNhISGDA/3z8/MGnS49NfWGt7e3l1dEWFh3ZyeHxQoNDvK7eSPQ39/L0/OjDz/csX17WsoDvV6/sLAg4PM9Ll26eeOGXCa7cvny+TNngm/fjgwPv+HtnRAfdzcuLjAgwOfatTuREZ0dHYd+/PHjf/zj1IkTmWlpXh4exw4f/vijD7dv2xYbfSc2Otrfz/eG93UWk/lUZH4vLu12O5fDOX/mzBWPy+ycnF07d4aHhtZUVYkEAvfjx696eFRVVq7c3jw7WyqXnznp/sWWTxPi43t7epZXeNntdk5u7qUL592PH9u/Z/flixdlJSVGgwF/12azDfT3N9TVyUpKwkJCvL28qiorDQbj9NTUHxLjY+renp7RkZHJiYmVr89Mz4wMjyjkiojQsO7unsnJyenp6V9+/OnpGc30xGRf4t26j7coIKoUphXAFA6BUuhMkxEYYphWAFOyQTQFQTM2UIud6QKEyoWxLIiUCqOF62glCEMC0wpgMgtCU2FS4Xq61IUhhmk8iJwNopkwJkBopYibFKYXQhQWhLKcKUXr6KUENwlML4DJORDKRjAxgV4Bu0lhegFMYcMYm0CWbXQrJzBkME0AU7kwORchlyIMmTNDTKAVwZRcCM177+8t2VkTavXMjPZ3u/jTU1PTjQ2NYqGwualZq9NNTkz29fSODI9MTkz+UX8fJicmRoaHe7q7J8bHp6de4Bv/Tc5hcmR4ZGxsbGEFl9xvv1VAZAlEFTruwXPBx6x88IZr0hubEl5/O+H1t26/sWHHxjczI8JWT/VUV1be9PY+efz4zPT0w/b28NDQ0yfdUx48OHLo0LUrV/bt2fPNV19FhIXl5ebG3rnj7XXN/dixH/fvU8hkt2/dEhYVLXN5+eKF8NDQwYEBi8VSW119+cIF3xs3IsPD3Y8duxsbe/HcWc/LlyLDwxLj4/1u3Pjqiy8unDtXLJXOmkwLCwvCoqIrly/73rwpLynxuHjR89KlUydOHD9y+PLFC2HBwRfOng0LCYmOirrq4ZF6//6hAwd+3Lc3LDiYm5v747597seOfvPVV8ePHk2+l/jFZ1uuelyODAsTCQS6l8nl4uJiX2/vg+TkQz/+6HXlynfffnvs8GG/GzduXLu+f8+e7MzM5V433ubm5vp6e3Oys32ueR09fLiIzzc75r7n5+dHhodbmprKlaX3k5L+8fe/BwcGDg4sfW0Ws7lcqUxPSYmLiTl/5ozHxYvlZWUajQYffn7JoR4dG3akB14eAsdjXK0eHHCkB27vGB0ZVY+N/fKPGBtTj4+NjHTFx1R99GkJRBUhNC5CYTlTeC5UqTNDQKBxEUomhN4noGkbqWIXOh+h5sJYBkx6gJB462gSAp5KnZwNow9gEm8DTeSCp0knZ0JoGoIVEmglBIYIofNgChNGmS7kgvV0mQtDgNC4CDkLRpkETOBMVyJuIoTOQyg5CMZ0JkvedFM4M6QIrRCh5CJkFoEsIzCKXRgCZ1oBQskBSez33m9ITxtRqdTq8d/r4o+px0bHamtqi/j8+rr6qamp0ZGRroedgwMDT3wXLzNGhocH+/sfdjwcGR5+oW/8NzmHkaHBodHRUXyVun7WUs/jcr79phjChCDZMV6J5gBoFkBavgdPemNTwuub4l5/K+71N2+9sX77ho2ZEU+ZGa8sL/f28jpx9Oj09HRGWtqFs2djo+8YDIbgwMDjR47s3L792pUrfb29zY2N7JycmKg7F8+d++KzLaKiogA/P6FAsJLLiLAw1eCgXq+/f++el6enVCJpa2296uFxYO+eMyfdQwJvZ2VkFPB4CXFx58+cEQmFy+cgFYnOnjr14759dyIivK9dYzGZvjd8vK95FUsk2RkZN65fLyst7Xz4MDIs7NL58x4XLkRHRkrF4nJl6ffbvrt5/frFc+eS793r6urc9q9/BQfeZufkNNTXGVaMov6i9uILiYwGQ2tzc1JCguelS8ePHD576mREaEipTKbX6VZuho/j2u12s9nc3tb2wQcfhIaEqMfGTCaT1WLB023Y5ubsdrvFYtn5/ffXvbyaHMV87Ha7amioubFRqZBHhYf7XLtWU11tNpu1Gu3LD51GOzUxOdDfP64en5meWfmWXqcfV6vLlMqo8PC+vv6ZGY1Oq/u5R9bqHoXeqNVoB5MSGz7eUor3LiEKh0ApdKEpCAwJTCuEKEwQTUPQ7A1UGYEhgqk8kJwNoukwqdCFLkMYUphWAJFZIJoGkfjr6MXOeCZgcg6IZsKo0NG75EMUNoixnckCF7rSceQcCGXDmIRAr4LdSmB6EUTJhchsAkW28Z0KxE0B04UwhQdhHBhTIgwFgSEh4NuQuH97vz2HOTM1pdMbfq+Lr9VptbqW5mapWNza2mY0zmpmNIMDA+ox9RPfxcuMmekZ9Zi6v69/emr6F3zjv/U5jI2pl9MDG2at9Twu+5uvRRBaCJK5IDkXxHAr052IqU6uyW9sSnxj093X347989t3Xnsr+rWNvq+v27Z+Q0ZE6OjTuLx+9SrOZXRU1IWzZ7LS0w0GQ1JCgvuxY9u2bvW64tnW0nz5woVTJ0743/T1uXb96y+/FBUV+fv6ruTy0sULkeHhqqGh6amp8NDQkMDAqsrKzocPA/39D+zdy8rOjgwP37Ft22effnLVw+Pk8eNCgWD5oUyJSHj29OnDBw9mpae3NDcbDMaszIx7CQkz09Op95ODAgKqKyt7ursT4uJOubtfOHMmIjRUJBCUKRQ7t2/3uXbt7KlTSYmJWo1GLBRePHfuy88/v+Lh0dPV9bK5nJ+ft1qtOp1ucGBAWFQkFgo1Gs3s7OwTE086raazo6O7s2toYCDo9u0vPvssIz1NXlLic+0aMzPzYXtbqVxeplB0dz5MT0nZ/PFHMdF3xtXq5d1tNpvVYlGrx1hMpr+vb21trdU6Z9AbXn4YDQbNzMzQ4NDk5KROp3vsLaPx0djlwKBOpzcajD/3sJY5o9VRR8w2b5qzj6SnNf3z8zKIWgzR+CCFi1CKCNRShIH/bw6ApsNo9gaqHHHDs2kwAVIGRCxypilgfBtyLoClg6SidXQZwZEtGECzIVQE08pgx+J2AM0lkIUu9DLEDZ/yZoMoB8IkCL0acivBx0AhjINQFBveqUKWHq/Mh8h5MFYOM0oRhhShCyBKHkTi/e39h2yWTqMxmsy/28U36vWGtta2Eom0o71j1vxo7FKn1f1OH/qTodPqJiYmlsYuf/Y3/hufw6pl6nXcvJxvvuJDRB6I4eOVWQCKW3n/jU33lqx8886f34p47c2I1zb6/Hndd+s3pIc/hctypfLq5ctHDh6cnp4W8vkeFy94X/PqaGs7d+b02ZMn9+/Zc9rdvTCft3f37pCgIG5u7p3IyE82by4qLLzp47Ny7PLc2TOely8J+IXlSuW9u/Hux46lpaSIhYITR4+cPXWSn5/f3NiYlpr6yebN+3bv3rl9e3pa2vTUFK4QPz//yuXLURERBr0eByf53r2oiPDR4eG6mhovT8/cnByZtPimt8/tW7cunT8fGhgoKCxUyOTfbf321s2bJ44eDfC71dbSmpOdXVNVdfb06X179kjF4pfN5XLr7uyMuXPnflLSU9+dmZ7Oy80N9PcP9Pc/cfRoQlzcw46OcqXSy9OTmZHR2tx8PynJy9Pzpo/3aXd3Xx+f6srK5RVbKw/iKJz7Ck314KssS4tHMu4PJMb2JsZ2Jca2341uPnGijvFhOUTHZ2m4CPkpXK6nyhGGGKLmA0/lEk0HSYJ19BICQwrRCkAyC0CzVnCJb8MmkAXOj7hkObisgpZI5YBLXFY6Hq/MB8l5MHk1l51cnt44OztnN1ltS/GbTvusTfU8K1Y/1VPLzcv++ssC0JUDoI/6lW8sze3cff3t2D+/defPb0a89mboaxvC/rTh2p9d/rV+/VO57OzoyEhNjYuONuj14+qxvNzcgFu34mNivDw8uLm5WRkZgf63QoMCQ4OCgm/fjo6ICA8JuXb1akN9fQ4zu76uDj/IvN1+LyHh1s0b0ZGRyfcSubnsiNDQiNDQyLAwf19fiUjEYbPSU1LuREb6+vgU8fk3vb1DgoIUMhk+ZFdfU5ORmoqPhC4uLppmZyVicT6POzM9rdVqU+/fj4mMvBMeEREaWldTk5WezuPkNtTVtbW2Bvn7l0gkdyIj/W7cyExNCwoISIyPD7jl9yA5eWR4+Of7trL9Blw2NzT63bgRGR7+1HdnTabamhp2Tg4zO4vFZPb29JhnZ4dVqmKJpK2lZVytLi8ry87KzMrIyMrMrK+r0zxtFPYVXEhkNBlNs0a9fjgmvGPXzoZPPq/65HPFPz+TfPypwu0fVRv/ulxGIg8h8wnU0uVlQwCa9hwuwaW+JN67LCE40l8CaCaECmGaEmbgXLIf57IQpLBANPcRlzQ+SM4FsVyEvMylEKLwQDIHJpfBDAXOJUjOg0hct3dbwkPViuLxMvmoUqZSSEeqy6cG+o0ms9FkdhQrf0q98p8fa1w+K57GJSfjqy/yQFfWY/fgrolvvB2PW/namxGvbQx9bWPQn9YH/Wn91decv123Pj08ZDWXWo2mu6urraVlbm5uYWFhWDWkVChEAkGxRDI6MqIaGqosLxcJBI0N9bKSEqlYrJDJqiorpyYne3t6JicfPY3S3tZWKpeXFEuVCkXXw4eN9fVymUwsElWWl8/MzDQ3NclKSkqk0rraWp1WW1lRIZVIWlta5qzWxcXFyYmJ7s7OocGlBzRtNtvw8PDy4zCdHR0KmUwiElVVVJiMxr6enoG+vqmqcYUoAAAgAElEQVTJyZnp6Ya6uqnJyabGxhKptKy0VCQQiIQCZamiv6/vhZde/gZcDvT1p6em5rJYL3YGP6e9olyajXr9wA3vpnf+UQFRZBC1CMK4ICqBqRWIWznkhmel5CDkQsKKVZYruBRBVB6AMQFSOkTiO9PkMB3nkoVz6UIrfhqXxY6lRY9zSXZwSauC3JbYBTE2QpZvcKuAGXKIJoQoPBDjQJgSZsgRhgSmCUAyB0S5mxjV//qu4/iR1uNH648eqji0r/rq+T5hodE0azSZDQaT0WAyGoyGX3Hl17h8VqzmsobLSfvqczbomg2Q0p1I+D144hub4l9/K+bPb0W99mb4axtD/7Qx8E8bAv5vXcD/rfP4E+Ebl3Vp4SGjA/2/30/41Wi/lks8R7pqcHBpEf/v015hLgdv3Wh69+MKiI6vsuRBZAmBXk54pxxiSCFqAYg9i0uZg8tsgJQGkQqdaXIYT1JJZgFYKkjiP+ISYwKklVzipLKexqUYoVVCS6+s4HIpsxF3BZdieOnGPw+hlMLUGohWBlGlEJkHufLf/6A5Mkw3OKgdGpwZ6Jvu650eHNCOjxuNL5h0fY3LZ8UTXBrN1houJ+XLz7LBTRlOrsv34PH4eCXer/zThqA/bfD/v3V+/+vi9z8uF/4X+ZrgkhYWvMblT7ZfxaXNZlOPjcVG30lKSFiezv492n8Bl7RlLsUEWjnBDa+Wkw9iHATDuZRA1AKQnA2QUmE0az21BGEIIQoXwLKWuKTKYboUpD3ich2tmLCUyJIJkDIhkhCmruZSibjh45s5IMqGMDFCX81lOcyQQzScy9xHXNL5ICUXRPOcKaUERg3sVgbRceL5bzHK//l5+4H9Tfv31+7ZW7prR8XF012c7Fmr/cXKVKxx+axYzWV1Hjv5s08zgDdTnd5OfuPtxDfein/9zejX34z688bw1zaEvLY+8E/r/P/P2fd/nX3+x9nn/xHO/A/0OYikhASOrHH5U+3FudTrdNWVlVc9PY8dPpSWkjKy1rt8sZtxvxuN735cAdHw1EFckCxGaGUEN+UqLsUQNX+JS1LmemoJwhBAFC6AZgGkNIj4OJdoKkjiu9CLCQycy2yAlAGRBDC11MFlDoCyCOQiZ7oSwaeDKM/iUrbBrXxF7zIXwkqfySVDCtGWSqRtcKsnvldJfE/m+lf+Jpr4qy9bEqJnbfNrXP628QSXVpu9lMf1+mKL+4Y3T27cdGLjpuMb3j664a3DG946uP7NA+ve3O+yca/Lhj3O63cR1v9AWL8TWbcVdv7nxo3ZdyLUQ2sJ3H6ivSCXPd3dLCbT78YNj0uX7icntbY0m2dnf7+zfOW5LHdwmQeSRQhNSWA4qjMucSlfwWUKTMpYTynGJ6YBNAsgpoHEghVc5jyPS7r0cS5LEYYEohWAZCaAsiFMhNAqHnGJsmEM5xJ/vDIPxHIhTAEzZI9zqSAw8CpAOJcFAFkOUmshejlEL4aoPIgo+PiTpriIWfvCGpe/bTzB5fzCQldzY9adiFgvz7jrXnHXvWKvX425djXm2tXoa1fueF25c9Uz6qpn5FXPyCueEVc8Ijw9wjwvR1y72iCTGmamf7+f8KvRXpBLYVHRscOHv/7yS2Zm5tTk5O95houLrxKXxll8AsQ4azGarUbT7MCtmw3vflwO0UogWhFIyQMxEUJVEhil0JJ0uTBWgHMJ/gSXMpguAWn5K7iUEugiPP2lg0sFTMdv6h1c0kqXIMaYAMpa5hLvpYIoC8ZkG97BueSDFM4KLkXwUj4kjjNFTmBUwW6lEF0C0Xg4lwCtFnQrg9yKIRoPJAk2f9oUH7nG5W8eq4tPWGdNWvXoxGD/xNDAiuifGOqfGOwfd4R6AI++8YG+yaF+s147vyq1zVp7or0glxXl5V6enlu//vpubGx/X5/FYnnO3Lzdbrc62nLWpuWGP/bzrHfx9qpwaTLOmo1mq9E85whrv79fw7ubyyAavnYnD8RECE1JcMO5xCs44lziNcuyAOLjXGJZACkVJBY402Qw4+dzyQTQHAK5yJmmgJfqmmUDJAeXDAlIywfILABlwVgJ3rsE6XyQzAFRNoQpYEYJwhDCeE+WxCaQZQR6JcwohegSiMoDsQKALANoNSB+e05d4/L3i7VKkC+zvSCXFoult6cnMy1tx/Zt586c5hfkT6/K6Ys3u93e19OrlMslIlGxRDKsUj2RP3jWZOrp6pJKJBKRaHCg/6k39a8Il3qDfmxY87BlurV+qrVhorVB3VTTdelCvduHZRANH1LkgJgQoSkJ76zkMp9ALUHoQpDCA7Gspd4lWYrQiyBqHkDOXOJyqXfJA8lMAE0BiQUuNImDyyyAlA6Rip7gEiHznWkKZGn9+YreJUMC0ngAOQdAc2DyE1yyIFQO00sQ+iou3UohugSkckEsHyCXALRqcGnCiguSijZ/2rjG5e8Qa1y+zPbiUz1Wi2VsdLSyouLe3bv5XO5Af/9TNzMYDEWFhXHR0WkpKcG3b1/x9JDLSqwOMRcW5ov4hX43fG76+ISFhHhduVKmVL6a+S5NswatbryQ1XPhUuueww17j1TvOVy2+2DNB5/VvPVuOUR/nEs3BcQQgVQusJJLvHdJeuDgkg9ROQA5E0BxLksc/cRlLsUEmhCi5IFYJkBMg0h8mCqHl1ZiMgGUiXMJL0GcDZByIEyI0Mohhhik8QAyE0BzYKx4g5vSsQA+F0RZEIZzKYDxnizOJWOprAVEzQMxHoDhXOIl0rggib/G5e8Ta1y+zPbiXNrm5mZmpjva23NzcnKys0vlctXQEL76f+VmZrO5ualJIZNVV1ZmZWT8c/PHCXfv6nVa/F3NzMwtP99jR46wc5hSieT77dvvREaulvdV4HLWbNBoR+5Ftn74edU6unwdQ7SOXrCOqljvVkl4B59TLgDJuSAmQGilS1xSVnOZ6UR8AJPS15OlCMPBJSkVJOY/g0sBROGA6EouHVNGKBMhFzrTFDBjud+aA6EChFq2gksmjBVvcCuFGfhoJhtAcyBMDtOLn8ElXtp3mctSiCGBqHlrXP5usZpLvV7f39fX3tra0d6+Fr8w2jra23p7evQ63VMNfEEup6enm5saC3jcqPDwoICAAD+/8JCQzLS0MqVyZHj4idvtxcVFg17f3tbG5XC2ffddakrKctai9tbWUydPel29YjIaFhcXjx89evHcOXlxyRO7vwrPjM+aDRrtaGJEy/tbKiGqDH9IBsJkzowKxO1xLqkKAmMpnzmAsWCMR6CWIHQBSOECWKYT8T5ESl9PcXCJZQKkFJCY70wthukicGmkMgUkFrhQcS5zV3GJ9yVXcEnlAeQsgMR0cCkCqctcSh/nkgmhz+eSA6A4l1WgmwJiiCFqHkj8nbicmnzyu3jJVP07cDk5MbmSy4nx8ZqqKolQWCyRrMUvDHGxRFxZVjY+Nrb6HvcFuVxYWJCIxZfOn9+xbduBvXt37dyxa8eOA3v3Hv7xx61ff52ekvJEvsvFxcX2tla/Gz5fbNni5+PT3Ni43AMVC4XHjx4JDgrE//fa1atnT50q4PGWP8hisRiNxmGVKicry//mzdqaGovFqtfpX34Y9PqZ6enBgcGJiQmtVvvYWwbDxPhEubIsKiJicGAQz5Hz5O7GWf2MZiQxovn9LeUQtQRf9Q2TS1wY5QS35WVDLBAtIlDlzkslIjgglgNjXAK1GMHr32IZAPE+TEpfT5EQ6HyImgtiGQApBXTlOVOlME0IUfPwG3aAmO9CFRFoRRAlF0QzAGIKRCyEKTL40WhmNoIVONNkCF0AUrkgORMgZUNoEUJVQoylCSIQzYYxyQY3hWOxEQtEsyFUBjOkBEYR4pggIpBLCIwKR0VJDohyQUwK0iohhhyiiyAKByQWfvxJQ2yEac5uMJj0qy7Oz7j4Bp1O39rSWiyRtre1m2bNOq1uaHAIz0j0h/x90Ov0Oq12cmKiv79fo9Gs/sZfVuie6F1aLJaZ6elxtXotXiymJictZvPC0+auX6hWj8USGRFx/NjRYolkYmJianJycnJyamqq8+FDz0sXz5x0l8tkT+zS39eXnJh49NChg/v3C4qKlrufRYWFRw4dCrx9G8+v7nXlyrnTj7icNRlFAkFURIS/r++RgwcvnDtbqlBMTU4Oq1QvP0ZUw4MDA+1tbf19faqhoZVvjQ6P9PX2SiWS0KCgtpZW1ZBqZHj4ySOMqVWq0YfRQVXvfVKMUIsIVC6BwiRggg304nVuEgK9kEBlEbAMAspxoYrWMUQEOo9AyYLRNALKdKEUOdO5BAoTwe7DxHgCMWkjuWAdLZdAzoSxZIh0F3bNWUctdKbxCJRsBHsAE+8irqyN1HwXWh5CyYTR+zDxHkLMdaYInOk8ApVJwB5ApBRnlL2eKnBZOvIDmJhKQPNcqBJnBo9AZSJYKoKmOmOFbzHEzoxCAo2NkDMRNJWACpzp/HX0PBdqDoKlQsT0dRh/Pb3YhSEk0LgEchaCMhGsEKGWEBgiZxqPQMmCXNkfbi6PDFbPaEdGRl/k4g8PjwwPV1dV8QsKaqtrxtXjqqGhjvb2vp5e1eDQCxzwN4mhwaG+nt72trahwcGnfOMv6RwGB/r7R0YeVQPEa37Z19qLNrxi2lPpe8FaPZER4fv37s3OzFQNDqrHxtRjYyMqVXVV5fEjh0+dOPFErZ7FxcVZk0k1NNTc1LR7167Y6OjlBEolUunxI0duB/gvLi4sLi56XLp05uTJQkftM4vZXF1ZmZOdnZSQcPniBc9LlyrKy3U63cT4+B8SoyMj3V3dwyqVWq1e+frkxIRqaEguk4WHhHZ1do2r1RMTE0/uPjUzrp7oiQ2p/duncpgqQqj5MIWFkMXrGHIXt2KEgadGz4LRfGeq1IUhQegFMCUHwjIQlO1MERLoBTCFBWEpIDEBId7fQOY707gIORvC7kOkRMg114UqINAKYEoOhKZBxETINXc9rdCFxoMpTAhLAYnJEDEPoYgJtEKEwobRNJCYRsA466hiAj0fprAgLBUipsMknjO1GGEUwlQ2hGVAaDqCCTYyigkMAUzjwOQsCE1HMDGBLnSm8whUNoxlQMQsF7LQhS4jMMQIrQCmMCGUBWECmKpAGBKEXghTskFXzkebq+6ETOlNE5NTE+OrLs5PxeTExOTERH1dvbCoqLGhYWZmRq1W93R3q4ZU6jH1Lz3abxXqMbVqSNXV2TU2OvaUb/ylxNjYmEqlGh0de+IHvrCwoNNq8VyIdptNr9NNT00ZDQatRjM9/eRy9Pn5+YnxcYPB8Pwf/m/VdFot/ll2u31qcqK6slJWXNza3GyxmK1Wa1Njo1Qsqqqs0ExPLywsjI6MtDY311RXNdbXj42O4GmKbDbb9NRUdWVFiVTa3tqK/0n7e3sb6+tqq6sednRoZmbmbLb62toSqbS1udniKN+wuLhoNpsHBwYE/MKH7e0Gvd5kNA4M9NfV1tRUVXW0tT1/FfkL1uoRCYXeXl6XL1wIDgwMCrwdFHg7OPD2rZs3Dx84kJSY0NvT8+iYJpNqaGhkeNhkMrW1tGz99ts7UZG1NTWCIr5IIGisr7986eKFc2dbmpuHBgf37tlz3curtqZ6+YMmxsd7e3rqa2sT4uJuenvXVNeYzWbtH9F0Wu3U5ORA/8D4+LhmRvPYWzqdWq0uU5ZFhUcM9A9oNBqdTvfk7gajdnpmKCG88f0tZRBVCtEKIQoHJhe7MJQENznMEEFULoTlQGghQpURGHiCXjaIZcMYh0CRIDS8ZlmaEzEJJqasJwsJtAKIwgKxVJCUDLnmOVPEsOPWGyQmga5cF5qQsJQ4PR0gPgCJ+TClGMbz/qIZADETwXjOtGKEzocouSCWDhIzIVIhQpVD9CL8ph5Es2BMvJ6BP1PEA8k5IJoFY8UwXUKgFyL4NiQmgSwl0JUIY6n4GohxQEwMUsshtxKILoAoLNCV9/E/62LCDZY5nd6g1T55cX764uvwbOotUrGkrbXNaDJpZjSDA4Pj6ie/i5fZNDMz4+rxvr6+6enp1d/4yzoHjVqtVqvVK2fGFxYWzGYzMzu7WCIZGRkZV6sz09PjY2ObGht7e3ra29rwzfBs/nNzczabrb6ublilslgsNptNr9cbDQa7zWY2mw2Owlmrm9Vq0et1BoNhYWFhenr651R0sNlsqqEhZnbW/aQkkVDY3dVVrlSmJCeHBQXFREUJi4pGR4ZzWayYyMi46Dt5ubmamZncnJwHSUk5WVn8/PzOjvbZ2dnFxUWtRlNbXX0v4W50ZGRMVJRQUDTQ3xcSHHQ/6R4rO7tULu/u6hKLRPeTkiLDwu7dvatUKPAOo9lsbqivi4uJjggNiQgLrSwvr6+tTUpMiAgLy87IkBVLB5+xwgdvLzjVMzE+LhWLb/n6nnJ3/3H/vv379p44ftz72rXY6Ojurk6L5ZHlU5OThQX5aampQkFRUEDAvj17uHmcYqn0lPuJ86dP9/X23o2LO3Lo4K2bN+Pj4rZ9913Kg/urgZ+Zmcn7D6kEOfRTM+PN728ph2i4LBwYK3FhlK1YlM4CUT5ClREYsqWc5xgTxrgEihShCUByHoBlOBGTIWLqekyM0AohChvA0gDifdCV60yRwDQBSOGAWCZASgZceS40EWEpcXqGEzEVJBZClBIIHwNFM52IWfjYJUwvAikcAMsAiFkQiQ9TS/FtACwbIGXDmGQ9QwHTJSA1HySzADQbQktguhShF8FL00o5BHIxgVEOu8kcpX3zAEwC0ipANxlEF4IUNuha8PEnDXER5lduqmfqj57qMegNT0z1LC4u2u326empE8eOXb54QSoWtzQ379+z+/NPP8lls5UKRX5e3ujISEtzcxG/UMDnt7a2mIxGZlZWXU3Nw/aO8rIysVAo4PNra2pKFYpiqVQ1NDQyMjI2OmrQ6w0GQ+fDh1qttrenp7KiXCQQCIv4Lc3NvLy8YqlkeHj4WbexeDOZTAU83omjR/ft2R0YEFAqlytkMl5eXkJcnJen57nTp3u6OiUiYS6LFRUefvb0qc6OjqueHn43fPLY7Mry8qGBAXwcb2Z6uqqigsVkspjMC+fO3vC+rpDLPv7ow6CAgEIer7mpqaW5+eypU5FhYXHR0UH+/pFhYfiJDQ+r7ifdO3hgP5vJPHH0aHxMTGJ8/JGDB92PH8/nchvr659fVvdXZSSam5tTDQ01NTTU19X19/VZLRaLxWI2m+0rJpWmp6biY2O/3/bdF5999vWXXyQlJgz09dXW1Fz18PDx8hoZHm6oq7vl6/vJ5o8//OADf1/f5X/6VrZXZiHRcGJE0/tb8EXpfJDCgbFiF7pyedkQiOaAaCFClTu4ZANoNozlEShShMYHyRwAS3ciJkOuqeswMUIrgCgsAMW5zFviksoBsEynZS5pfIjCBtF0J2Iq6FoAkYuXHrV8jEs+SOYAaDpAzARJhQ4uOQCaBZCyHFziS5RyAFIWiBbDdAlC58NL00pMAllKYJTBbiUQrQgkswESB+cSclv6U4Cu+b8Pl2sLifRPW3c5Nzc3Ojzsceni7h92RkdFlUilRw8d/PLzz1IfPEh78OD61avZGRknjh7ds+uH3T/svHXzxsiwysvTMycrKyQw6Nuvvjqwd+/mjz78cd/e/Xt2H9i3Nz46Oj01hZmZ2dbS0t7W5uXpWVtdHXQ74Mihg7t27vhiy5bT7u7fb992YO/e+/fuPZ8OjUZz+9atU+4nAvz88rncrs5OfPthlepBUtKBvXt1mpmF+fm5ubliqfTIwYM1VVWXLlwIDPCvKFNqtVqr1Yqrh4/PLi4ummdnI8LCPC5dKios/ODv70eEhzU3NRmNxr7e3p3fb79/716pTMZiMqPCw/EdKysq/H19vTw9FxcXo6OivL28PC5cOHb48Gl39/b2dqPR+NQJ8eX2q7jEn1+cm5uzWq02m81oNCrlcgGf37+iQzs/P280GDofPpSKxW2trRqNxmazWa1WrVar02rtdvuc1TquVjc3NpYrlRMTE3Nzc6s/6BXg0jRrNmq1w4kRje9vUUI0PIcFB8akLgwlAS/tQOGCKBMkFSKUpZvxJS5RDoEiQeh8kLKSSxFCy4fIK7kUwzS8Q5rhREwGNvFcaEICjQ9SWACa7kRMAYkFEOVxLlF8teYjLiFSIUJVOLjMBEiZ+M04TBeDVC5IZgLoMpeFj3FJV8LLNc1JHAAVA9RycKmIBQsg5n/8SUPsGpe/fTyVS6vVqhoair0Tdeak+9FDhzwuXowIDdm5fXtyYmJYcPDeXbvCQ0IunjunLC3lsNk3vb2VCsWunTuiIsI9L18+eOBAbU3Ngb17Txw9Gh0ZGR8bs/27f/n6eN+JjKiprq6rq9u3e7dUJL5y2SMuJlokEHhcvHjh3Fl+Qf4tX9/z587ptNrndDC1Wm1kWNjeXbsunj/PLygw6PX4xuycHPdjx0ICA/GCE60tLXEx0deuXp2emooKDz95/PjRw4cuX7xQWV7+xC0/j8M5e/pUaHBQR1vriaNH8H5iYsLd5saG2/7+O7///rut3547c5rFZOIfJCwquurhcevmzcXFxYT4+PNnznheunTr5s2d27cdOfhjYvzdh+3tzxHvBbmsr6tLSkwMCwkJDQ5eipBgfz+//Xv3+N282VBf/8T2FotFo9GYzeanPlput9vNs7MGvX7+GZ/7ynCpSsC5pEohagFIzoUx6VLvki4EKXmPcbkkXdYSl0u9yzQnYtLP4DIJ2JTnQhEQaIUghQWgaU7EB6BrPkTGy/JwADTDiZiJoPnOtBKYUQhScgFsJZdFj7hEcS5FDi4zQZIUposRegGM3/gTmQSyhEBfztPOAkgcABODtDJoBZcfrXH5u8SzuBwcGLgbG3PvbryXp+eRQ4f4BQW7f9h5LyEhNDh47w8/RIaG3vbz62hvL5ZKggICiiWSH77/PjIs7PrVq5cuXJianLx47py3lxf+BMrXX37h7XU1Jiqqrra2vq7uwJ49IoHwxnXvHGZ2S3NT8O0Af1/f6srKkODgUydPamZmnpM+Ym5urquzMzDA/+jhQ56XLuWx2VartbyszNfH55bvzb7e3vn5+YH+/rtxcb43fOQlJXNW60B/f3NTUz6Pe8P7ekRo6PIssdVq6e7qvHb1SmR4WEN9vdFoaG1paWxoCAsJOXf6dFBAgPvxY1wOh8VkBt2+HRoUhHMpFYuvXbni6+OzuLiYGB9//szpu7GxPd3dtTU1QQEBZ0+dys7KfI57L8hlsURy7MgRBp22bevWH3Z8v2vnjt07d37/3Xd/cWOcO326uqrq+bv/0vYKcRne8P6nSoiKP7jNhjCJC72UwMBzA3NAlAmSChBKCYHuoAfNgtFcAkWM0ApBci6ApToR70GuqeswoYPLVCdiMuia50wRwVS+g8t7wKY8F0oRQl3m8v4KLnMBLN2JmIGgPGdq8SMuSZkgqQChyiE6H6TkAmgmQHwWl6IlLtFMgJhNwCQEeim8nO+dlAtgYpCKc8kHKTkAkffxJ/VxEWb7gskyZzJbTbMWo8n886/8GpfPiqdzabEM9vffiYyQikVioTA1JaWyvGzXjh0J8fEhQUF7ftgZFRYWfPt258OOEqk0OCBAKhLt3L49PCTE28vrioeHwWDwuHjR18eHl5fHzsn58vPPr3tdDQoIEAmFYpFox7bvRAKhr8+NXDa7va0tLDgoKMC/tro6JCjI/cSJmenp53Bps9lGR0aS7yVePHf27KmT4SEhDfX1Abf8bnp78/LyJsbVQ4ODCXfjr125cjc2tuvhQ51WOzY6MjY2WqYsvXH9ur+vb21NTWtLS1tLS0d7W2CA/7WrV3h5HLyc9bBKpR4bi42JPnLw4PkzZ7Z+83WJVFpTVZUYH+/l6dnb01NTXS0RCUODg86cOjUyPHzTx9vL04PNZA4NDk6Mj4eHhBw5+GPyvXvPgegFuWxrbfW9eePdv/7F5/r1kKDAsJCQsJCQgFu3Dh7YH+Dn1/hbZ1Z/lbisf//TUogqXubSmV5KYMgc97/ZIKkAoRQTlrJSsgA0E0ZzCWScS7aDy5R1mBCh8fDkQ06uycAmzhKXZDaAruRyKVuwE/E+6Mp7Opf0QscrOJcyB5cZADETIonXM2QwXQRS80CMCaAZz+ZSAlFxLtkAKgKpZRCjGKIXghQm4Mr96J/10WGzs2aj0bS0oluvxyvi/pxY4/JZ8aze5fCQKikxsaWpSa/TqcfGmhsbTru7Z6SlJcTHnTl1MjkxMT4mprenp1ypjI+JKSstPXn8+L2Eu6FBQYEBAUajMcDPLyI0VFhUVJif/+P+ffExMT7XrkWGh8fGRO/fu0epUESFhxcV8rs6OxPiYuOi7zQ1NMTHxV7zuqrVaJ66wBtvZoulvrYmKjzs+pUrIYGBWenpGWmpJ44dDb59WyISKUpKSiSSU+4nrnp4ZGdklMrlvT3dYqGAw2YlxMfhvd3szMy46Ji0Bw8ERfxtW7eGBAZyObllCkVleQU3l8NiMm/53rzp452cmOh+7NidiIiU5OSEuLiYqKgSiSQu+o6sWMphs0+fdE9PTT1z6uTd2JiigoJcFiuXxfLy9Lzp7S2VPK+m7ouPXXZ3dWVlZOh1uuV/TGZNpurKyhKpdLls22/VXjEuFRAVf3CbBWESZ7piBZdZACkfphQT6PhTNDkruMSfQVzmUoDQeCCZ6URKcXJNWsEl3pe8B2zKc6HiXOKkruSSDWBpTsR0mMQlUHAu8VdW9i7ZAJoBkDIgVLSeIYPxsQIsGyA5uKTlw0tz7lkETEygKx5xibIBVAhSlRBDCtIKQXI24Mr9+4e1/t7azvbplqbxxvqxhtrxthaNWm0wGH9Ohcg1Lp8VT+XSbrNppmcqysrGRkfn5+etVuuwSsXMzKypqlIqFCwms7K8vKy0dHJysq+3V6lQ9PX0ZGdmliuVEpFYWCSwWo+Bpw0AACAASURBVK0igUBWXNzR1tbS1JT24EFnR0dURMSFs2d9rl1LiIvr6+mRl5S0t7VOToyXl5YqFfJhlQqf4541mZ4zdmkxmyvKyjwvXbpw9iwzK2tYpWIzmWHBwWHBwXdjYlKSk/n5+VHh4ZFhofExMcn3EpsbG+7GxJw7fercmdPJ9+5NTk763bhx4ezZpIQEWXGx3w2f6MjI2OjojNRUfkGB340bx48cDvDzVZYqtFqNUqHwvHz5lLt7UkLCw/b2qvLyB8nJba2t+CMz+3bvDgsKrqupqaqoCPDzO3hg/83r10vlMp1W+xyIfkWKDZttdnZ25aVZWFiwWq0Wi+U3X+z6CnEZUf/+FgVEFUFUHkhmQah4iUt82BHNAkg8mCIlMBxckjIgEhshixBa/lI/0fUe5PpgHSZAqDyQzHRCV3BJeYJLPrJUBjLVyTV5NZcIietMkcL0ApDCArBUJ2IGSCqAKQqIvjRBBJDSIVS4nlHiWKKUDZAyQZIEpgkf51L0iEtKDoCyAUwI0vDk6oUgmQmQOG/TFR/+s/37HfVbt1V8s1X21dfK48cG5CKDwWCa/em78jUunxVP5XJxcRFXEv8l4lOys7Ozc1ar1WqdnZ3F08vOz8/bbTar1Wq32fAXLRaLxWzBHz7G12DOzc2ZTCabzWY0GHRaLf53226zWS0Wm20O/xT8g6wWi9lsfv5CIpwIsVAkFYsG+/vxszIYDAb8n02TyWw2Gw141VCjyWSam5szGo34ClODwaDT6QL9/dNTUwYH+i0Wy9IPzWicNZnMZrNer9doNAa9Hv+jWa1WfDEsfv5Wq9VkMtnm5ux2u8lkmpmZMRgM+DQ1vqNer7daLM/pGi/+JoVzX0J7RbnEWBCGc1nyJJfLvUtS5tO5RJe5fOBEvAds4hDIq7ikrOCSmAy6ciGyZAWXaTApj0CRwEtHTnNwKXcMm67mMgsgZYAk8Qou0x/nEs+kyQIwIUjFF5MW4Fw6k2VvvdPw9nvlb/2l+E0GfyNN/Nm3PfxcvV6/xuWviWdx+e/cRoaHR0eGjc9eAP/Uhq+xqa6s7O3utq5K4vNy2u/Opdlsrq+rLeDxBHw+v7BQvSrVR3dXl0ggwFecslk5TY2N+lWPB7waXBq02qGEiLr3t8ghqhCkcEEsB8LEznS5Yx6cDaCZj7ikFoAYc1XvMsXJNRHa9DiXrveATbkEshCmFq7gkvMMLvFb79THuKTg45sZICkfpsgcw6ZpDi6L8Tl3EM0CSOkruGQDaLoTMRPBRAQanusIr1WZA6ACkFoK4a9gTICUi5BL1jHqEDclRJdAlHwQE374ZXcBS69b4/JXxX8il8sd0l+018LCwpzVqtfpVic8e2ntxbnEz16n0y4vSl9YWLBaLUajceXaSe3MTEZaqpenh5+Pz6EDBwp4vHG1euVBsjMzjxw8uG/XrtPu7mdOnczLzV25Ad7+U7nE65eZzEaT2WSxGrXawYSI2ve3yCAKziUTQkXP4NJRP4eUAZFYCFmILFWVwLm8/4hL0gMn10RgE5tAFsBLI5VpTsREYFOuM6UQwTMBk1KcXHEuxRBOKpbyxhNcYqlOxHSQmA+TZdBSOck0gJgGoYL1DKmjLE8mQEoDiSKYJkBoPJjCBtA0J9dMBBUhtBWZNB/jMh/EsgFSLkIu3uBW5/yOEl4qOiT88KvuQvZa7/JXxrO4XFhYMOj1FrMZT7dhMBi0Gg3+wPUzf9Hz8+bZWaPR+JO//V/Z9Hq9TqfDK9botFr12NjoyMjoyMi4Wm2320wm47BK1dXZOTgwMDc3Nz01NTY6OjoyMjY2ppmZeaKzZTQap6YmtRqNeXZ2oL+/rbW1r7dXq9HY7XaNRjM6MjoyPDwxPr5ytabFYlGPjbU0N6tUQ7Mm09zc3NTUJL6jQf8THd5fNXY5NTmhVMhVQ0Pm2VmbzabT6R62t7U0Na18ilGn0ZRIJCwmk5Obu/Wbr0+5n6goL19+12633/L13fzRR2dOnsxMT89MS6uvrV092vofx6XJaDLqjQaNVj8xpRuf1I5PascnNf39/XeCat77pASi4EVoV3OZAZC4MGWpaASAZQOkdIiUg5BxHFdyWYRQ80BythPpvpNrIvA2m0AWwJQl5pxcE5zeznWhFCJUHl4Nzck1CdiUB2HipbpmWMobrqkwieO4Gc8B0BQnYjpI5MHkEsc4QOoqLjMA4jKXXJjMAkgruVyqJuREZDqhRQBVAdHFIDUfwLKcSCyELN3gVuv8TilMd3D59RqXvz6exaXNZqupquru7NTr9XqdrqaqqkQqGRsbw8cijUaj3W6fdyTgWVxcnJ+fN8/ODg0MdD98OD8/P2+348OXc3Nzc3Nzs7Ozdrt9YWFhfsX2eLPZbGazGd8SHxh9zvDlwsKCyWSqLC8rlcu7urq0Gk1zQwM/P5/DYjEzM5lZmTNTk63NTRlpqSGBgekpKTqNtkyh4HE4bCYzJytLXlysdeCwsLBgs9ka6uoKeNyy0tLhoaF7d+9ev3o1KjysXKmcmZ5WyGRZ6RnZGRkSgaCzowPfa95uH+jvz8nOvnzhfHJi4sP29mHVkJDP9/L0DA8Jra+re37X9cW5nLNaO9rbd2zfduTQQbFQODjQn5mevvnjj4Jv3+5Y8SDjwvy81Wo1m82qoSFvr2vHDh8uKS5eftdut/v7+X31xRcRYWGzs7Ozs7Or87Ev/idyOWvRq8cmJfndZ0+2HTvUeOTH6sMHlAf3ln/5RcWmd+UQTQBR8kAsGyKJnGlyAl77m8IC0AyAlAdTxASa0JGVMg0i5SCYAKFyQYwJoA+cXBMg12QXrBChckBylhOa7OSaAGxiEyhFMGV5YifB6e1cZ0ohslRV4v4bS1ziZXlyAHSZSzFM44JYDkBKcXJNA4k8mFwM0fA+aarTU7kkiWG6AKFxYfwW3jUDQQUITQbThRCVB5IznUhMJ5QPUGQQXYRngAce41IEUnkgWfjhVz1rXP7qcHCpnl94NEcxPz8/Mz1zyt3d18ensqKi8+HDQwcOfPPllyKhsL21NY/NzkhNHRsZmZwYHxsdnZmeXlhYmJmeHhocwGeKtTMzUxMT1RUVleXlnR0d3Z2dwqIi9diY0WicnJgw6HQL8/OamRnNzIxOqx0aHCyRSKorKzs7OpobG0Ur0jOubiajkcfJ3b9375eff37+7JkCLre+poafn5+Zlnb96tUvPvusgMv19roaGRYqKipqamgw6A1lCkV+Xl58TMxpd/fLFy709/Xhh8JTELkfP7b5ow9v+vj09/U9SE7Ozsjw8vTw9fHhFxScPXXytLt7fGyMrFi6zOXkxERmevqhA/szUlOOHzlyJyIiOjLy5PHjD5KSzp0+FeDnV65UPge9F+dyfn5eq9EIi/gH9+//buvWbd99983XX587c6a6svKpWUyGBgf379l709t75apMu90eER7+6ebN33z11alTJ+8nJfX19q7e9z+PS4tVP6JSZyS1/HVzDfqekvSuhPSXAqKb+M13lM5ujkXpWDaECp1pMgJ9mct0gJQHk/EaO1wQfcQlTOUCGBMgObhEV3BJTAA2sQnkIoiC1zXDuWQ7kwtWcHkP2MSBMOHjXOYSyCKYupJLLkyWQsu38MRUiFS0niGBH2n+qHcJUfBR0XQEFSC0EpguhKjcx7kUglQugGU+6l3+RQEz8BXvRR9+1VXAWuPyV8aK3uWjToZtbm5sdPTyhQsH9u5JSkwoL1MeOXjwq88/z8rM4HI4Xp6e7seOhQQF5eflpd6/nxAf39fb43vDB//vsOBgsUDgcenipfPnz5w6dfrkSb8bN44ePszOySnMz89IS1PK5RaLpTA/v6iwoKiw8NiRIxfPncPTeVz5/+zd518bZ7ow4PvvMJomYWdjVGZGEjjZ855NzraT7GazuymOe+8NF4wBF2wMpvcOkhAIoYYkegcbY8CYYtNMMb2K3nt5P4yEccme3dTNOX5+zxc0M2I8si6eet/Xrh0/ciQ6MrK3p+etaExMTAT6+125dNHPxyc7M7OlqWlifHx4aCgjNdX56tXjR45IoqMvnj/v5upqSE5urK9fWloaHxsbMpnSU1MP7NsrjY1lRuqWlpY6Ozp8vb1db9w4uG+fj5fX3NxcX2/v4MBAaHDwDWdnrVp1+sSJg/v2hYUEP6up2RhhqKx44nPP09HhysBAv7+Pj/35cwf377tw7mxfb29kWNilCxcSFYp/gN73muqZn59/Wl19/OgRO1sx18bmwx07brq4ND1//uYQSUd7e2x09N7du7IyMjZ31VdWVh6VlMgkkvDQUCfHq/v27lWr1RtJJZcWF1uam0tLSrIyMjzd3W86O5eXlk5NTY0Mj/z0dXR4xDQw0Nb6or+vb9g09MqhkdG+3t7iBw8C/QNaW1qHh4ZGJ6aG2l50xoZVcn9TQtgWEOJ0QpiMUxkc2yLrHQVMdAycTiSojK22+dZ2OYStEReqcEqOCZj03xmEKJmgFZhATpBJHDqdI0rG6SSMlKK8SIIXs41M4Yh1OK3AyFiUH4nx1NZ0GiEy4EIlRspQfiTKVW8VGjkiPU4rMVKK8qMxnpagM9hiAy5MwkkZypOxBVprYSZHnEww78yX44JktjCHLTYQQiVGyjBBHEGm/cqOwVGNUfGYIA4XZLLFaRxxMluowigZKojnUBnW4nyOXSYh0uN0AiZQYmQqLsonbDOYV1CBiiPMef+Dsq0fFrLtMghRMk6n/e4vDQbV0NDQ6Nj4//zwR0aHh0ee1jzNy86pffZsYmJy2DTU1vqir7d36NXP4qesQ6ah3t7e1pZW06BpdORnu4e+3r6B/oHX94x3dfn7+pw9ddLR4UqAn++9u3d3fvllslabmZ5+++bNMydP/vUvf4mPi5PLZFevXPZwv3vu9OkkhSLQ3//c6dOymJjdO78OCwm+dePGwf37JDExLk7XfDw9Pe/e9bx7V6/Vzs3NRUVEREdESGKiP/njH5KUcOYUnDgGN5zh0gXYtROqqmBtDdbXX6+TExAaBBfOgfsdyExP6+vtZYYv46TSaw4OCrk8yN//5PFjjg4O/j6+URER7W1tCwsLHe3t0ZGRhw7sr336dG52dn19/UVra3BgwO5vdrreuHFg3z4nR8ee7u61tbXurq5Af39fb+/qykofT89Tx49fc3CIl8nqa2uZJ5Ofm3vTxeXundvr6+uy2NgjBw9+9qdPHS5fWltbS1Iknj11Kjoq6kfhcnV11WQyRUVEnDx+7PSpkxft7U8eP3b00MG0FOPgq5M5fX19ioSEIwcPhoYEM4eWl5fnZmcXFxZWlpfnZmdnZ2enpqaqnjz59NNP3e7caW5qYq5dmJ+vqa5KT01VKhJuODu7XHMsLXk0MT4xNGj66euwyTTQ19fa0tLb0zM4MPjKISY8cNH9AD+/5qZm08Dg8Oj4YGtLe2xYBe+jYsIun22bRoh0hDD9PbvCbTvyOLaphEiL0wqCTN9mm2ttl0WIDQStxMk4XKDhCDOsbdMJsY6gEzCBjBAoOXQqR6QjqEScjEV54QQv+j3SyBFpCDoBI2NQfgTGVVnTKYQoGacTMVKC8iNQrmqb0GAt1OGUAhdIUF4UxtOw6XS2SE/QSpyUojwpW6DeKszgiHUEnYiTEowvwwU6jjCbLdYTwkSclGJ8GUGm/Mouk21rxIVJOCXHBDKcn84Rp1iLtWyhEqOkKF/OIdOsxbkcu3S2SEdQ8ZggESNTcBGzr5x5Rcmhs97fUbrtw3yOXRoh1OJUyu/+UqdPGhwYHBoe+Z+fv2nINGiqrqrOyco2hwceGGxtbunp6h4cGPhZ/j8MDZoG+we6u7tbmpoH+geGTUM/zz0MDPb29Pa/xuXCQldnZ3RkRKCf75WLF0+dOKHTaPbv2SOXSpM1Gj9v70B//99+/JFWoy7Mz3e4dIkUCPy8vR+XlUVFhB85eCAqLOzksaNVlZVajfraVYeG2lplQsLtmzcdLl26e/u2Tq2em50NC4GQIIiOhJ1fwego+HqDyzWIjYKIUPjNf8LDYlhdfQuXc3NQVADXneHsafC+B8VFsLwE1ZXg5grubtDSBD6enlcuXgwKCAj09z96+LAxOXlgoF+n1difP3fP3X1mZpoZqat88sT+/Lmjhw+5XLv297/+9diRI4/Ly0ZHRrQqlb+PT0Za2szMTElxsTxO5uPleff2bVlsLHPhK1xKJEcPHfrLn//scPny2tqaUqE4e+pUzI/E5eLiYmNDw+5vdt65daumqmpqcvLRw4e7v9np6e5e9+zZxmkLCwsqpfLYkcOX7O2ZtaZLi4sjw8O1T592trfPzMxMT00xr4+Oju7audPjrtvzxtdjuP0CO+NLk709ffLoGu7HZbgdEwjSiNM5W+0eWu8oIszhhVQ4lWNtW8RhktnSGpRUoAIDIcxl2+ZgYiMqVCFkAk5q2HQWE4sXIWUsXhTGk26lMpgIFwgpQ/jRKE/LEWbgolSUVqOkHOFHIzY6a2Eam8maS8axeBud8VRLZzyeECRzhDmEeU4pDuEnYAIjISzALcnKEX48Lsh8zy7PnFKcUiCCBEyQTYiZVipzjoJNZrHFhYRdFiYyYnQSIlAjZAYqum+Om0kpEYGWTef9akeF9Yf3CbssTGjAqMzffd6Srn23kOh71n+wZzw8JCQvJycpMfGeu/vjstIjhw5euQjXHODWDSgqgN3fgFEPDx/AtatgtQXipFD3FKIj4eghiAqHc6ehphqSdXDDGZqfQ6Ic3G7BtSvgfhvUSTAyAsGBEBIEsdGwbzeMjUGAH9xwhugICA2C//oISh6+ncu1NVhYgFQj3L4J58+Ax12YmYbYKLjhDFoNjI6CjycEB0DFY3hYXHzu9OngwMDKisfXXZyPHT1S9+zZ6urq3NzcxPj4i9bW3OwsjUoV6O//zVdfnTl1qry0NDsz8+K5cwq5vK+3l5kvmZub6+rsUCcp796+PTMzMzY29vDBA08PdydHx5mZmbCQkAtnz+755psL589PT0/LYmPtz52Ty2Q/CpfLy8ujo6N1z56NjowsLy8z6/VHR4ZftLSMbYpu39Heft3ZedfOnUH+/vEyWWJCQmN9fV5O9rEjh8NDQh+XlcVJpQG+vvEymcOlS3/+9FN1UtLsG0Of/wu4zMJEBozO3mpXbL2jkGA2gFNJOJVlbVvIfpmdcYPLbExsxN7CpZTFi8R4kq1UOiHSY7QSIaUIPxrhMlymbOJSay1MZYsMGK1ESRmLH4vy9DidjYtTMKEapeQsvtzMpcgCMT8e5RsJYT4uTrUsP4rHBRnv2eW+XKJExmP8zVzKEb6CTWayxQWWMMOJiECFCNJRSyjiTVw+NnMpMmB0xjsuf4j6bVx2trcH+vlVV1XOzsLwEDx5DAf2wsXzcMMZPN0hIxU+/wsEBUKAHxw9CPbn4KsvQBINXvfg0AGICIGTx6CqErRqcLoKjfUgl8JNF3B2hFvXwcUJdBo4exo8PSA2GnZ+DWOj4OMFTlchIhSC/OH//RqKv6V1uTAPj8vA3weuXASXayCLhf5ecHGCyHDo7oKpKUjWwNlT4H0PwoLh7Cl4XAaxUWB/DkKCYHkZ1tchNxt8PEGZqGD2IDXU1d287uLi5FRUUPjJH//oePmyXCotLiqqrakpefAgNys7JjLS/c4dH0/P9JSUW9evG/XJcpl0357deq320P79Pp6ePl5eRw8dVimVF86eue7klJ/34+wZZyby52ZnNwcgWVtdXZif37w2amx0NMVoCPDzjQoPj44Il8bE1D171lBXp0xIeHj/QWd7R0ZampeHx3Unp7uurka9vrur682IJr9QLvvjY2p4/1WK2zGBIA0YnbXV9sFmLjEyk2NbwDYvwVEjggREoCeEOWxzoF8lQibgpJpNZ7zBZRohSma4ZG3mUqhCKDmLH4Vw3+QyGaezcFEKRqtRKo7FlxMCHUeYTYiMGMW0W+NRvoEQ5jGkIq9wmYYJNUwgOJSfZeFS/QqX5tBwiYggCRGko8JCpk2NUomIQMOmc3+1o9z6wyIzl1TG7z5vTnvH5fetm2bG1yzfaFhegbExKHsE/X2wugqLi9DbDTo1FOSBVgW+XhAvg7AQyMqA7AxIM8LzBkiQQ2E+5GaDIRkqyiDVAH19UF8LOdlgGoSaKijIhZJiyM0GN1eIjQJpDBQVQnUlqJNgbg5KiiEvGyrKoewRREdCZ+fbxy4XFqCyAjzd4dZ1UCmhqxNMA5CeCtVVsLAAKytgMoFKCT73IMgf0lNhYhxKS6AgD543mt/B3xccr4BeZ/5xaBAK8iArA2qqwd8XFHJI1kB+DtRUQn4OBPiCjydoVVD7FKqegEYF9bXQ2ADSWHC9ASGB8OQxNNSDRqW6e/u2l4d7YUH+xsTJD8zlP1mWlhb7envr62qf1lTXVFU9e1ozZDIx6w9GhodnZ2a7OjvLy0rzc3MrystHhoeX/1eEBza3LuOja3gfP8LtCnFxJibUb+KSiZeh3MRlCkarUEE8wk8mhNlsW3NCCISMx0gVQTNd7w0uY9/gUsMRplu4jGPxI7+dS6NlrlxOCHQcOpsQGVF6E5d0Hi42opu43GaX8xqXuDiDLdZbuExgk5lscT5hm4kJ9SilQPhKRJCGmiO3G1BKgQjUbDr3vR3l1r9mohHr33H5A9VNXL7S511agrExmJ+HtTVYXYX5OejrhdFR6GiHinJ4Wg3NTdDbA329YBqE1VXo6YaBfhgcgIF+GB+DwQGYn4epSRgywcICTEzA8BBMjINpEMoeQU0VtDTD8BBMTkBfL6yswOgIDJtgfAzGRqGzA+Zm32Ll+jqsrMDgACRrQKeB+lpYWYG5Wejvg8nJl+d0dcLjMnjyGEyDsLYGIyMwNgoL87C6CrOz4OMF0ZEv9Zyfh6EhGOiHkWFoaoQXrdDSDB3tMDgAHe1QUgxlj6C9DebmYHQEujpgchJmZ6DtBeTnQWM9TE7Awjz09kBRIVQ9gZHhtyu/4eT3al0uzM93tLdPjI9PT011d3WVl5VVVVaOj429C7Gx0Rmv5n78CLcrwMUZm7gs+FYuyXiEn0zQ2WxxljmoGinHBCqCyiBEBpRiuIx4g8sohKvh0Om4yPg/cZmJm7d+x7F4cYRAy6GzNnEpR/l6M5e0CiHlCF+OCdLfxmU6W6zHhSqUjGPx49lkxitcChguLcHiKAXCVxN0zns7yq1/XWhewkmmv+Pyh6ibOuPf9j3/t6sdbdDZDlOT/9pVq6swPQXZWVBXC4uLP/1tfz8ul5eX+3p6w0OCn9VUN9TVyWJjv/nqq+NHjpQUF09NTr7jcrK3pzcuuor7cQlum4+J0zGhHqMyt9re5+zIx80bwJWYIIMjzmfb5eBiIyZkuNQRdBZbvBGVUo4JkggqnRDpUToJISVWvAj0FS4lLF4kwlVz6DRcaETpJJSUIfwIFleziUspix+D8nTYSy5lLF4czme4NJi55DNc5uLmV+IQfhzGZ7i0rOgUyFF+Ji5KY4uScTO78WyBhUuRHqUZLlM3cZmA8FUExXBZQNimY7QOJdN+95d3XH7/+kvk8pdZvx+XszMzVU8q9u/d09jQkGIwnD15ctfXXx/ct8/N1bW6quodl69yKUrH6GSGS2u7fEKchtFalEo0c2mbg4uMmDAJIeUIX0dQFi6pzVwmo9QGlzHWVCoh0mGUAhHEmrkUpuFCpv8uZfEjEK7aWmhki/QYnYiSEhYvGuXqMMo8I4+QMhZPhgs0HGGmBWIpix+H8vUEnYO95FKG8VO32WZZJpHeziUhSGeLmaXsr3IpzsSEepRkuMx+z67U+sP8DS5/+47LH6C+4/IXwuXsTNWTir27dpWXlcZERd10cTEkJ/t5eV2+cGHzNsf/41xWcj9+iFuyzmJUxlbbImu7fMKcVVGBkWYusVe4zGSLmLkgBSKIe8klrUTIWBYv/CWX9GYuU3Gh3sJlOMuG4TIZoxNRMnaDS5zBkZJ+C5fJFi6ZJUqbuVShZDwiiEN5b7QuyXS2OI+wTbeEhmO4zMeYV6h4hK8kqCwzl+J0jNaiZOo7Ln+I+m1crqxAawsMmWBxEebnoO0F1D6F8bGfHR1YX4fWZmh+DiPDL1/p7YFnNdD+ApaW4NlTeFgMj0rgaQ0sLkJXB6SlQHwclBTDysrLS2ZmoKgAEuRwvxBMAzA3B1VP4NFDKCmG+joYMsGLVnj0EIqLoOoJ9HS9vHBiHKqegCQajHro6oSxMah7BvcL4eEDeFYDpsEfh8ulxUVmL+p1F+dTJ074enm9aGnxdL97w9mp9NGjd1xucGmONLGJyzyC2QBOJmBkOkecxzYvM2K41BJU5qtJI5II8hUusde5jEC4KjbNcJmIkFIW7yWXKJ2IkLEsXhTK1WJUhjmZDymx4kktXDLvLDFzKcyxTMq/jUu+DOVl4MJUQqTDzSs65cRLLs2RjRBBCkozXOosXGa+Z/fI+gMmRpEWJVN/+3nTOy6/d30rl8wwX2gQqJXQ2gI93RDgBy5O8OwpzM9Dbw9UPIbBAVhchNERqK+Fiscw2A+Li7CwACPD0NkBTY0wNfXDQ7m4CLVPIcAX7rhCghyeN8DKCrS3QWQEXL0C8TIwDYK/H4QGQ0YqFObBsAmSEiHIH3w8wc8bqithZgbW12F0BIoKwfUG+HmDvw+kGKClGa5dhdho0GuhtASeN0JEKHh7glwKhXnQ/Nx8A5MTcL8QPD0gOgJcb0CcFDQqCA4ALw/QJEHxfejq/HG4XFtbGx0ZkUkkB/bt279nj1wmGxoa8vXxTkpMbHvx4h2XG1w+wO1yMVEqRmsxKmOrbaGFSzVKJmCCNI44ly3OsvSj497gUobxlQSZRryELxzlxliTr3GZxKZTLFxKXnJpbqLGsnhRCFeDUUx+NCVCxlrxJLhAzaYzLe8sYfE2uNRv4jJlm20mLjKitAol5QhfhvLSOm8cGQAAIABJREFUcWEqIdThzCQSL44QpLFFuZZAcPEsgQIRpKB0Hm6OpCm3cFnyjssfur6Vy5VlGDLBmVNw7jSkGKG6Cvbvhd//FtLToL4WkhTg6Q5qFTQ9h7JSiAgDT3dQKqChDiqfgFYNSgUEBUBhAZhMPzCXU1MgjYFjh+H4EfD3hZJiGB4CQzKcOAZ//hRcnKCtFQ4fBCdHyM+B6kqorABnR4iOBJ0GrjtBdAQMDMD6OjQ2gJcHnD0FRgO4u4HrDTDo4Tf/Ce5ukJ4CjfXQUA/HDsPRwxAeCuWl0N9rvoH+PoiJhF3fQG42OF6BG85w3QmOHoYTR0Gvg2dPYXjox+Fy3RzDbTgkMPDe3bs5WVmjo6OpRmNzY+PmOMmrq6vT09Mjw8Mjw8NM4LnXItbNz88zu+iHhobGxsYW3xaS75fL5RPuxw9wO3N0S4xK32pbyDHPg1u4FOWwxVkYw6XAwqXoTS6ZdOExVtwwC5dajFYgghgWLwKxSdrUutzMJfMmTIddg1Hpr3DJV7PpDEuU31gWT4byk3E6GzMDKkX4Uoyfss02AxcZUDoJJeUIX4ry0nFhCiHU4rQSFUhZvDhCkMoW5ZgDwdHxLL4CERhRYR4mTsNEWjOX5AaXqSitQcnU3/7lHZffv76Vy6VF6OuBu7fhwF7w8oDUFLhyCb7+AmSxEBYCB/bCyWPwxd8gKgIk0XDZHo4cgj99AsEBcMMF/vo5XHeGnV/C6ZOQnfUDczk+Dt73wMUJ4iRQXQkd7ZCTDe63weEiXLaH687Q3gbHj8H5s5CeCu1tIIuF82cgOwtaWyAsGG7fNLf+HpeD/Vnwvge9PRAvh4vnwcMN/vwpODpAqhG6OqHtBZw7Dfv3gq83PC6D6WnzDQybQBIDX30J6alwwxnCgiEkEE4eg317IFkL7W0wP/fjcLmystLT3X3DxeWvn332p0/+28/Hu6uj456bW1RYWGN9/cZpMzPTep3u1vXrt65ftz93Nlmjfi1aSWVFRXBAwIWzZ69cvBjo59ew6dpfNJcTvT09cdEV3I/NOyAxWo1RaVttC5iAGphQjVIbXGZu4lKDUxls8UY3VorxE9/gMtqaTCFEWoxSIPwYFpdpXb7GpcpaaNjg0ooXifDUGJWGCXVMK9WKJ8H5Kg6dToi0KK1AyBgWT4rwtBYuFYhAwuJJML5xmziDafyiZBzCl6K8NFyYQgg1OJWICiQsrszM5cvtlQqEb0TpPEv0IznC2+By409Fyjsuf4j6Vi4XF6CrE6IjweUaHD0EJ4+DJBoO7Qenq+BwCc6dhuhI+OMf4MI5kMaAKhFuXYePfwOXLsDJ43DJHsbHQC6Fr76A8PBXhgt/kNalLBYOH4STxyAqHPJz4fe/g4P74Ogh+PoL2LsbqivBxwtOn4RTJ8DhErjegDMnITcHWpohJBDcXM1clpXCmZPg5wV9vZCYAOfPgIcb+HnDJXs4fADc70BxESji4fJFOLgfrl6GFL15QeXCPGRlwL7dsG83/PH3EBQAWekQHgwnjsLunXDnFpQ++nG4nJudfVpdfWj//tSUlMSEBJ1G09HeFhIQcM3BofjBg43TZmdmHpeX5WRl3S8qdL158/jRI3m5OaurKxtHgwIDz54+LYuNTU9J2bt7t1Qi+V8QTd3CZVQF9yOGSwNGqTEybau4gPOSy3iMn8oRZbPFTFLcREQgQ3hqnEpni5h2WTzCl6L8RIJMfYNLIyHUYFTCJi5TcHPXW8Lihb3CJT/GivsGl9xNXFJMK1WC8LQ4nfUGl+mWSaQ4Fl+K8NJwoZEQanBmcMDMZTYhTmFwZPETWHwDSudiZi7jEH4iQWa8Z/vQ+oNsXGTEKDVKGn/3+fMM/dTU1OzSyuziMlNnZube+uTfcflt9R9wGRkOaiX4ecNleyjMg6OHwP4cXLoADpdALoVAPwjyh1vX4YYLGPVw9DA4XYWTx8HpGszPQ4Icvv4SIn5oLldWYKAf5DJwuQaOV8DDDbw9IcAPLl2Av38Oe3dDfS28aIXmJtBq4MA+cHGEMyfMXIYFw51bZi4rHptblD09II8Dh0ugU0NXF7S2QHAA2J8DaSwMDEBrK5Q9Alks+PmYuayuhABfcHKE+jpwuw2X7EERD3298Pw5hATAudMQH/fjcDk7O1P5pGL3NztLHj7Mz8vLyshobKi/df36pQsXHty/v3Ha8tLSyPCwyWTq6+uLiYr64m9/S9ZpV1bM/fEXra0Oly87XLnyorV1cGDgyKFDN11cKsrLX/tdY6OjBp3O0929qrJqaWl5dmb2Z6kT4xM93T2jo6PTU9OvHJqdGxkeKS8tCw0K7u7umZqanltcmnyDSxVKplqLCzh2ObitEROqvpVL8q1cJm/iMuofchn7kkvR/8Al+xUupRYudW+0Ls2jmSy+BOGlYRtcCmJZXCkhSLFwqUGpOIZL5BUuFa9yqUJJ40d/alTFjXe0Tvb1jPd0jXV3jfZ0TY+Pz0xPv+Xhz85Nz8w2NjQUFRQ2PW9aWFyanpru7ekdHXnjs/gJ69TU1MjISHdX9+Tk5Ozsz3MP09PTw0PDb3LZ2QEhgfDoITytgbxcqCiHg/vhmgM4O4LjFUg1QGYaRIXDhbNw/izkZMGxI+B4BU4chWuOMD8HcVL48u8QHvYDc7m8DB3tIJOAyzVwuAR+3lD7DOrrQBIDJ47C2VPQ0gTPG6DuGSgT4eA+UMjh0gWIk0JaCty6DjGR8KAICvNBEQ/37sLZU5CZDh5u4OwIJcVQ+xTq68DfF86fBWkMtDZDYwPk50J4CHi6Q+0zSE8DnQa87sH5s9BQZx79DAow34OXB5w5CQnxPw6Xi4uLLc1Nly9eDA0O9rh79+6dO5ER4YcPHgz4lg718NBQUEDAscOHs7OyNnaFlxQXnz192vPePeZHp6tXL124kJmezvy4uro6NTU1PDTU2tKikMvd79x5UlExPz8/+XOUqcmp0ZHRrs6u4aHhifGJVw5NTZsGTaUlj0ICgzo7OsfHJ6Zm58e6OjulkWW8jwpwcSYuSsYoJUoat4rzrO2yCLEeEypRMg7jG61F5okdjEpABRKEpyLINLaICYQRh/BjMX4CQRoJoRajElBBFIsbgtpEbhUY2EI1RskRfhTCDUO4iWzKgNPMOTEsXijLRmlNJ7OFGuYcFjcc4aowKhUXalEqASVjWNwYnJ/EoVMJoQaj4lFBNMKNRXlqnMrARRqMjkcEMQgvBuPr3xOnEcJkjFagpBThxaC8FFxoYAtVBJWACGJYXAkhMHBEmYTYgNEqjJQiPDnCT0bpLFxsxIVqjJIivHg2mfae7QPrHVm4yIBRSSiZLPqo+qpDZ2RUe3RMS2RkY0REgzTW1PJ8Ymxscmr69Yc/NTUxOVVfV1eYl9/Q0Dg7Nz8+PtHd1T00NDQxMTH5M5Xx8fEh01BnR+fY2Pjk5NTPcg8T4xOmQdPgwCubIJeWYKAfNEnQ0gwrKzA3B88b4PYtUMSDNBbc70BiPBj1kJQIXh5w0wVUieDoACGB4HUPwkJhYQEy0sDJEXS6t0fK+M51YR7KS8HLA5yuQqA/3C+EpSVYX4fKCogKh4gwaGuFFANIYyDIH/y8oaUJosIhwBd8vcDNFSrKzTPaocGQmQ6X7cHXC+7eBkkM1D0DZQJIYuDeXQgNhgdFkJ8D8TII9IOwYEjWQn4uBPhCehoka+HaVZBEg7cHBAWAXAqqRIiNgpsuEBIEFRU/Dpfr6+tTU1MpBuO5M2d++/HHdmLxH//whzOnTlU+eTI7O/vamfPz809ravbu2uXr5bUZ06yMjFPHj/t6ezM/3nBxuWx/IT01dUPkutra3OzsZI3GzdX1upPTo0ePxscnBgdNP301mYb6+/paW1p7e3oHBgY3HxoaGu7u7nlw/36gn19zU/Pg4ODQ6Hh/S3NLdFgx7zfZuJgZ6UvASN1WceZW2zSOSI3T8RgZi/N1W0WpHCZkLyXDBFEoT8Em9daiZELIhP6NwvlxbFLHoZNwUobxw1g2gZhN2DaBliNMxCkpxg9DbYJQG7k1pSVoFU7JUEEkwg1GtidspdUcWomTUowXjtiEoNxEnNITwiScisMEEQg3kuAnWNN6jlCJUzKMH45wIzGekk2lEMwrgkiUG4nzNL8SG9hCNU7LMUEMyovEuMlsWssRKtiUDBVEsrjRbL7OWpjKEWkJWoGT0SgvFuWpMCqNEDGRNKMRnoxNGn5lW7BtRypbpMXpBIxMIqj72z8s4/+/B7z/yLH5MJW3w/ifv2vKzujv6TENj7758E2Dppqq6pysrJrq6tHRsYGBwRetL3q6e177LH7KOtA/0N3V3dLc0t8/YDIN/Vz30NPdM9A/8NpCotk56OqEyQlYXYWVZZgYg6fVMDIM7W2g04CnByTEwbMaqHgMKiXEyyAnExrqoKEemhphdRX6eqCq8h+sqvnH9VvL4uJiY319kL9/gC/cL4Aly17GkWFoaYam59DTBToNBAdCkgI62mB1FV60QJICQoIgNxsWF+Hubbh5HQryYWoKMtPMgUK6OqCnC1SJ4O8DOg28aIWZaXh4H0KDICocSophfAza26C8DPr7YXAAcrLA2xNSDNDSBM8bIVkLXh6gUUJXx//wj/peXK6trS0tLQ309eVmZyvk8sL8fCZl0pvJdiqfPLl4/vyfPvmk9tmzjZ74+vp6Vnr6yePHfLy9mB9vXr9+6cL5tJQU5sfZmekUg8H9zh1nR8f9e/dctrd/WPxwdGS0r6f3p6/9vb3dnZ1NjY2dHR293T2bDw309Xe0txcWFPj5+DQ2NPT19A6YhrufP2+MDC7i/iaTEBsIoZKg4nBSvVWcttXWwBEpCUqGk9EET71VaLAW6Qg6kaAkGD8C48k5pHarSMMWxuNkNMqPwPkSjkDNoRUEKcH4oYiNP24TvE2gshbGE1Qsxg9BuQGojcyaUrHNUX7DUa4/ul22jVJy6AScjMF4IYhNEMaVE5SGLVQQlAQThCI2YQQvzprScoQJzDujNuEYN4FD6dlCBU5JMEE4xg3HeUm/EunYQiVOSzEyEuWHY1wNm06ypuVsSoIJwljcSA5fbS00cEQqgpbjZCTKi8Z4SpwyskVqNh2Pk5EIT8Imde/b5r63w8gRqQhKjjM5f8QPcLt83DYdF+nYtEb4n/Wphp729v7+wTcefl9fb19lxZPM9PSqJ5VDpqHe7p6mxucdbe2vfRY/Ze3p7u5oa3/e0NjT1d3f2/fz3ENXd2dHZ39f/2tfbyayxkbAiLU1WFkxv7i0BAsLsLgIKyuwsgJLS7C4CMvLsLoCqyvm5uTqKqys/PNNy3+hrK6sPHn8uKqiwjJF8fJumbq0BIsLsLT08k6YVxYWYGwUwoIhNxump2FtDZY37nz15b+LuXBtDZaXYXHBfALz/isrsGY5tHHmaxf+WFyurq729/V53bt34dy5o4cOHTqw/+jhQyeOHdOqX5/7ft7YGBQQcOjAgbSUlPGxsfX19Znp6e6urt7u7qonT+wvnL/t6rowP7++vn7uzOkrFy8W5uczF66srAwPDXV2dDyrqZFER7m5upo74xOTP0OdnBwdGbF0xsc3H5qanDINmkoflYaEhHb2mSZm5qbnF8d7uroSYkt5H+Xh4nRcqMUoBUrqt4qzObYZzBogjJRifL21KJ0tTsGEGoySo/wYhKckyBS2yIALkzBKivBjMH48IdATNNNljmRxg1GbiK0CJveDHOFHsrghCFfBpvU4rcEoOSqIZnGDWO8rrCktm1ahZBzCj2TZhCFcJUYacKEao+JRMorFjcL5iRwqhXj5PjEoT0VQ6TjThRdEI7xojJe8TZxiGQqQIPwYlGfAhclsOgmn4hFBtBVXQvD1bGE6s4cdJWMRngzhaVEqAxfpcToJoyQsnpwgU96zLbLekYGLkjEqERWoUfIBZluO7yhmFlqxhQbRb17kZo0NDU3NzL728KcmpyYmJ+tr6wry8iyd8fGuzq4hk2n81c/ip6zjY+NDpqGO9o6x0bGpyamf5R42OuPfHkrnh2HuByzTU1PT09NLb4s99mp5/Q/A8hL09cL42A88RPDPP6vvxaVpcDAyPPzunTturq5MG/DPn3wS6OfXZMm7tr6+PjE+Hh4W9sXf/rbzq6/CQkISFQnNTU3Pnj4NDggIDQ5ubmry8vQ8fvRoVESEUqH4+ssvQwID29teX+U+Njqq12nv3b3LTPXM/BxldmZ2Yny8p7uHmV545dDs7MjwcFlJSYiXZ3tN1ciL5rH2FtOT0rZQv3Kb3xSYU3tTiShpsBbncmwzcXOasDiUb+AIM9iil0lxWdwknEy1jF3KWLwYlBePC4wEzeQRi7KyCUFtIq0FeoJmMuJGsbihLMvYJUrFI4IYK26w1fuJHFpHmKMFR1nZhCPcJIxMwczvE21lE4PxlGwqFReqUTKexY+y4sYiPA1OZVjy6MawuDEoz7BNnIabFyRJWLxYhGfEhHpCqMKpBEQQY8WV4HwDm84ghHqMTkJJCYsXx+LpEPP+9CSUkrB48TiZus32vvWOTFyYjFJKRKBGyGLU9jH+wUPcLg8XpbKFKeKPOvJzJsbGZhcWX3/4s7MbUz3PN031jIyMvPZZ/JSFmerp6uqanJxkstH+9GV6ipnqGfzn9oz/Hy8/H5dra2vzc3PNTU3PntY8ra5+Wl1dVFhw6cJ59zt3qiorN04zDQ76+vjs2rnz7KlTVy5edHS4UvzgQXlp6c3rLq43b/b19ubn5Tlfu7Zv9+5D+/c7Ojg8Knm4+EbizX/3hUSzcyPDw6W5Of7HjtbccW/28m309nvmeqfy8LFH7/0HE45Ih1IKlDRYi3I4thm4SItSiYhAhvI2uNSglJzFj2FxlTiZwhZtBAOORnnxuMBA0BozajYhqE2EtUBP0CqUlLP4kVbcUJaNgk3qcVqDUvEsQfSrXMYhvEgrmzALlxqUikcEUVY20cxIpYXLSCtuDMJT41SGJfNENIsbg/L028TMBFE8Iohl8aIRrgGjkwlhEsa0Lm1icb6eTacTQj1KJ6FkrBVPZuHSvCSexZXjgtRttkXWdhm4kFkRpULIB6htOf5BMW6XY+GyPS9nYnRsdn7x3UKif3Eh0eBrDa7VVeju6qqtfVb55Ents2dDJtP42NjMq226keHhthcvuru6mB+npqZampvLHj0qLytraW6empp6M1D3j1Hm5uZMg4PDQ0Pr6+tra2udnR3lZWUlJSUtzc3Ly8sd7e1lpaUP7t+vq61dXFhgBvpWV1cnJyerq6qqq6pqqqtbW1omJybW19d7e3r6+nqnp6dXVlZGR0Yel5c/eHC/saFhbtNsyszM9IvW1qLCwtJHj3q6u6enpwcGBh4WFz8sLm5va5t7Y95lc/nuXK6vrS0tLQ0ODvb29PR0d/f09NTV1t5zv+tw6VLxpoVEs7OzNVVVqQaDTqVSK5XJGk1zU9PgQH9V5ZOqysrZmZn5+fnKiif+3t63rl+vq62dm5t781f9u3M5Nz8yPFKqT/bc8UE+R3wft83FROm4MMvatpj9QT5um44JdSipQAV6a2E2R5yOm9fuSFGegSPKYIs3cclT4mQKW2iwBGfb4NKCmk3wJi7jWPxIK24Ii/sal0FW2xUcWkcIX3LJ4iox0ojRapSKZwkit9hEY7xEC5cMu9EIT4VT6ZhQg1BylpnL5E1cxrzkkumM8y1cCtNxkR6llSglseLJWDwt8nJ/eiyLG4cLUrbZFlnbpeNCHUopEIEKEdzHbMvxDx7gdjm4KIVNG8UftefnToyNzS4szczMmes7Lv8pLl9JPsEsKYmPk3ncvet8zdHT/e7D+/eLCgoqysp6uruXFhfn5+fHx8dzs7PDgkPUSiVzVX1dXaC//4G9e8+cPBkcEFBWWjoyMrKysrK0tDgxPj45MTE3N7e0tLSwsMBkUlhYWHjrHrx/vqytrc3OzjbU1aYY9NmZmWOjo+NjYzJJ7NnTp48dOeLv49PX15ekUFw4e3bf7t2uN250tLUxSczn5+framvPnjrlcu2am6trvEzW9LxxcnJSIZcnazWtzc3TU1OF+fkXzp3bt2ePr5fXRp7xlZWVxvr64AD//Xv2HD10SJmQUFFertfpjh46dHDfvsjw8M094zfLd+dyZWWlq7PzykX7nV99+cVf//rl3/72188++6+PPvLz9mpqbNz8RFZXVpaZsrS0vLy8urq6tra2srKyMSm0srLCZN74tr9mvzQuxdmYMA0XZnFsi9nmXdIalExABcnWwqxXudSzRemWFYsMl4k4aWQL9RYuo1Ce/A0uw60FyYQ5wkWElU0Iy0bBpvS4uQVq4ZLaaF1GWNmEsrhK9O1cWlqpNtEIl+FSzWSwYHGjUG7yVlHK27hUYmQ8wo+y4r7CJWJuXWoQKt3CZcxLLnds/NuTEMF9zLYM/+ABbpeNi4xs2iD+TXvxg8nJybmVtY3K7Pl5x+W/xOX01FTZo0dnTp2UxcZmpqfrNJq87Oy9u3fv+vprSXR0R1tbVWWlTCo9f+bM/j17/Hx8mKvSU1NPnzz5zVdfBQcEOF29evzoEaUiYWx0pKO9LU4iUSUmVpSXd3Z0MOm/TYOD9bW1G0lbv1uZm5t7VFx8zcFh765d58+cCQ8JUSYknDt9Oiw4WBITs3fXLrlUmmow5GRmxkRGnjl5MjIsbKC/f319fWJ8PC8n5z8+/FAmldwvLKyprnrR2mJMTv7qyy+crzk+Livr6+29dOFCVHh4dESEn5d3bGQkQ83oyIhcJtuza9fDB/evXXU4e+rUsSNHThw7pklKCg0KOnX8eGR4+D/Q73t1xsfHxtRKZUhQYICvb6CfX1hwcKrR2PbixT9u0H6H8svh8sM8jm0RbpuNiVJxYaa17QP2jlxcnIrSaoSMR8xcpuEiJtSuBOUms4XpxMv8OdEs7utcIi+5lLP4kVtsgpG3c5mM0RqUlLP4UVbcQKvtCg6lfYVLm0RUYNjEZRTGU7ApIy5UIWQcix9h5pJMwywjnixuFMrVbRUZmaSPLH4MixuFcPUYrSNoJUbKEV6UlU0szk8m6DRcmGzhUvoal1YvuUx7lctS/IP7mG0WJjIQtJ77Qf1N5/Yw/7bIoKYw//pQv6akuOEXrTPm9djvuPxnuZycmCgqKNiz65uYqKjnjY1DJlNnR8ffPv/8449+43zNMU4iOXzokJfHvX279/z98883lvGlGo0OFy/evnmzr7e3va3tjuutG85OUeHhN6+7eLi5XbpwwcXJyeuexz0P96nJyZzs7NDgYENy8vf5Xo+Njfl4eR4/euT2rZvZmZntbW2FeXlHDh68fPGil4eH45Ur5aWl/X1942NjD4qKLttfiAgNZbicnJjIy8nhcW2OHj6cpFC8aG2dn5sbHhpydnR0v3OntORhR3vb4QMHyh49etHSotNo3O/cnpmZWV1dnZmeVqtUX/79b6HBQVevXPF0d3e7devYoUMXz5+/6eJy09k51WB4c2HPRvkuXK4sL9c+farTaGQSia+X593bt91cb7m5urq7uYUGB5eXlW7OBPmDlF8El4/0yfd2fJjLsS3EbbMwYQohzLC2vc/ekYOLUyxc6sxcCi1c8nRsYRqTixGlZCx+FMMlYd5Fs5lLpg0YscUmCLEJ5wh0BJ2EkjIWL8LKJphlk8CmkjEzqQyXCRxKS1BmCrdwQ1k2iZhAj1HmVuoWm0iMl8CmDLgwydKpj0Z4STiZZs5O8RqXZDyL2R30OpcxOF9H0Gm4eb9QjIXLNEuoDoZL4zbbQmu7NGadPCJQIoIizLYU/6AIt83ERAaM1m0VVX70p5o/fl7xx88e/v7TvD/8d/GZo30Vj2dm5mZn595x+c9zOT8/39LcdPmi/SX7C96ensk6XdPzxmNHjpw5ddLN9ZbrjRuHDhwoyM/3unfv2JHDG63LVKPR8cqVDT3DQkIOHzy4f8+efXt2S6KjrjlcOX7k8ImjR+3PnWt+/jwmMjIkMLDk4cPv872enJyMk0oOHzx45uRJmUTSUFdXXVl57szp/Xt2nzx29LK9fWN9/dzcXE93d4JcfurE8fuFBcwY5ezsbE111akTJ86fOeN45YpcJuvr7V1bW/O4e9fLw+PRw+K2F6379+ypqaoaNpnSUlKuO10bHxtfWVmZnZlJS0nZu2vX8SNHdn+z08/HOyYy8oq9/TdffbVr505nR8eCHzwT5NLiYk5WFrPf0dnR8aaLy63rLreuu9xwdna6ejXNaOzv6/s+D/HN8ovgsiQ5+d6OD3M4tkwU8RSCzrAW32fbbXApRwQ6a2EmR5yGC9VM5AuUp2MLU5mM4SgpZfEirbgKbINLgYTFZbi0TOzwXnKJ00moYIPLeDalw1/jktQQVBIikFm4VGACPUZtsLuZS2bsMorFUzJcImZAI1GudqvIiJvbrTFW3EgWV49RWoJOxMg4Fi/SwmUqLtShtAIho624EhZPjZAbGy6jrbgyXGDYZptvbZdq/lPBT0QEhZjtI/yDQtyWyfumJehyzgePCbtiXJSL0ynWZM7f/9L9sHhmZm52dv4dl/88l2tra3Ozs+lpqUEBAS5OTreuX9eqVJfs7YP8/QL9/K45ONy9fXt0dNSo1zteueLn+3YuQ4ODv/7iiz998sneXbvSUoyxUZH+vj733N2vXr4siYlxcXJSKhQmk+n7fK8XFxcbGxpCg4MvXrhw5eLF4IAAo15/+8aNO663brg4Hz96JDsjo72tLSsjw8fTMywkZGjINDc3OzM9PTU5OTxkul9YmGIwXL548cK5c/cLC1dXV++5u/t4epaXPupobzu4b29NVdVAf3+qwXD75o3JiYmZmZmO9jZFfPyZUyf9/XwdLl9yvXnj9q2b1646BAUEXHd2vnzxokat/oE74ysryw31dalGozopSatSJSkUyoSExPh4hVyukMurKiqYxZU/YPkJWSD3AAAgAElEQVT353J4aLgkOdljx4fZHNt8XJyB0UacTrcW32fbZeNiJuOYHOHrOMJMjigVF6qYoUCEq32DywRMYGALkzFaiQhiWdxIhBeHm7vechYvYsv2QMQmjCPQ4bQSFchYvPBXuYxj8SOtbJjWpYZgwqTzIrbYhLBsFCjJrPVh2psWLumN1iXDZepmLhGedqvIYIE42oobweImY5SWoBIxUsbiRWzZHoXztARt3l6JkNFW3FgWV4WQqZhQi9IJiCDKiivdxKUapeJZ/EREUIDZluA7CnDbDEyoxygNmy7b/uty6w+LcbtcXJRqTed+9bfukofvuPxXuVxdXZ2fnx8eGhofH6968iQiNPSGs/PZU6e8793z9fS8fu2ap4d7d1dXglxuf+6cn4/ZxxSD4erlS+5ud0ZHR3p7em7funXowP7jR4/s2vm1TqPOycp88ri87NEjfx+fz/706Z5du4wGw/ecOl9dXZ2YmHje0CCXSk+fOPH3z//ifPWqp7v7g6Ki3JycwwcOeLq7JyYkeN+7Fx4S0tvdPTs709fb+7S6urG+fnZmZnh4eGR4OCoi4vKFC1q1enx8/PbNmx5ud0qKi7u6uk4eO/a4rKyutladlBTk7z81MdFQX5eVns4MLIwMD+fmZF+8cP6///CH0ydPmgYHn9XUXL1yxcfbe37+9ZU5G+U7jl2urq6urKwszM/39fbqNBppTIw0JiY6IkISHV1RXv5/sDNu4fKDLI44HxelY7QBp9OsxUVsuyzcnMvhbVzy3sqlnjBH3Ihl8SIRngzfGKnkh2+xYbjU4nQiSkpZvHCr7UFW2+UEqcMolaW9GbDl/fhNXIZvsQn+di6ViJndKGYZE0YnIaSMxYu04kYi/A0u41g8hksdRmkISoEJZCxexBabKJy/mcuof8Alxy4FF6pQSs7iK1j8fEz8EN+xkZlDw6bLbMxc5uCiFGs656u/dpe8a13+y1zOzs7WPn3qefduglweERZ2zcEhNCjI/ty5s6dOud644ebq+ve/fh4vkx0/euTzz/7s7enJXJWWknLqxPHd3+wMCwk+uG/f2VOnEhMStBrNbz/+KDggQJWYqFWp8rKzn9XU2NjYHNi3r6ig4Ht+r6emptRKpcOlS/v27Nm/d+/VS5eUCQnHjhy5evny7Zs3mZnrg/v3Hzt82M3VNToiouxRiU6tvuHs7Onh/vDBfR9PT38fn9MnT96+dau2psaYnPzV3//+5d//JomJ6Whvv3Pr1u2bNy7ZX3ByvBovkzU1NDheuaJMSIiOiPjzp5/4+/icP3P68oULZ06e3Ldn9w1n55suLudOn5bLZD/KVM/y8nJnR8e1q1cP7t//+Wefff3ll2dOnvzD738fHhLyorX1ez7H18q/P5dMZ9xjxwdZbHEeLkrHaD1Op1mLCzdxGYfwNRw6gyNKwYUqhJKzmNYlnUII9RitREkJixdhZROPCZIJmokJFMPiRiA8KW4eqdzMpQanFahAwuKGWbjUbubS6v14DqkmqCREIGXxwrZs38yljMUL32ITgfHi2aR+E5eRLK4Se8llhBU3AuFptor0lrQ8UVY2m7gkN3EpTLEMSkZZcWOsuEkIycRzY16R4ILkbeI8jq3R3HTlJbD4+ahtsSWRkRaj1ARduv3XZdYfmufK33H5XblcXFzs7e6KCgsL9PML9PWVS6Ud7e3F9+9HhIYq4+MLcnP9fXyCAwJ8PD1jIiNLS0qYq160tKiVynt37wb5+4cEBpaVlg4PDXV0dMTHxQX4+gb4+iYmJFRXVk6Mj8dERWVlpPd0d3/P7/XCwkLts2dhwcFXLtr7eXs/b6gfMplUiYl3bt3ycHNL0esHBwYSE+KDAvxDgwKZW717546z41VFvPxZTY2H253rTk6x0VHVlZVDJlOKweDv6+vn7Z2dmTk6MvK0ptrX2+u607UEubyzo7O/vz89JaWxvr6psTFOInFycPBydy8qKGior0tPTb3m4ODh5paWktLd1fUDT/VsnFxTXb1/z57gwAD78+cvX7xo1OvPnznj5uq6eZk6U6ampl60tNTX1b05ad7e1lZYUGDU6416farRWF9XNz019do5vxgu7T7IYotzcVEaRutxOtVaXMC2zcRFG4klNBw6nSNKwYVJCBnH4kcjXI2ZS+oNLikFIoi24kYgXCkusCTGMXMZyuFv5jLwTS63mLlUbuIyARUkv8FlMk4nIgKphcvEt3ApZLiUvcplAiaQWrjUEHQKLtSiZALC38QlrUHJBEQQacWV4PzkbaJc61e4zMNsH+B2eZg4FRNqMUpF0I+2/7rU+oMi3DYLExqsqewv/9r1jst/ncvV1dW52dnG+vqqysrqqqoXra3Ly8vj4+NNz5+3v3gxZDI9b2ysrqqqffasva1tzDJ0Njs7293VVfv06dPq6qbnz6enpxnRent6aqqqKisqmp4/Z1Zi9nR3Dw8PMRuXv09ZXV2dmpysffYsKyO9pPjB0uLi+vp6d1fXk4qKyidPBgf619bWuru6Ghvq62pr6+vqenp6QgIDkxSK5qam0dGRJxWPHz182NrSMjM9vbi42N7W1tjQ0Fhf39vTs7i4ODs787SmurysrO1F29LS0tzc3EB//8z09NzcXFdn58Pi4qfV1WOjo0tLS0NDQ49KSiqfPBkcGHgt18Nr5btzOTM9/eTx46OHDlY9qZDGxvh4epaXlXm4uV1zcHhYXLz5zPGxsftFRV737oUEBQ4ODGw+tLa2ptfpLtvb2587d+fWrbu3b+fl5IwMD7/2u34pXLrbfZDJFudgolSUTsbpFGsRw6Ul9Q1PzaHTOCIjLkxCSBmLH4Vw1WzKSAj1GJWICCRWL7m0bFXkhlu4ZNqAYVtsApDtb3IZR5BajNqY/PHf8r6cTaoIKhERSFjcsC3bg1nbE1CBDqOYEc+wLTYRKC+eeMll2CYulUwX3oobjvDUW4XJuBnZSCtuOIurxSi1hcvwLTaROF9N0ObZc4QftcXmVS75kVY2Zi45YoPF4ngWPw8TP8DtcjExk5kjiaBLtv/6kbVl8seaynrH5Xfi8pdVlpeWxkZHR0dG/vFpzNr4stLSttbWlX+I2o9XvguXa2trq6urszMzjfX1To5Xm5ueJ2s1ztccXW/e2L9nj9PVq49fje/b9LzR7fZtUiDYu+ub1/rpKysrHu7un/zxjw6XLmlVKp1a/aymZmpy8rXf+Evh8q7dB+lscTYmSkFpHU4xXGbgzHoagRThqTh0KkdkwIXKV7ikzWF9rXjhVjbyl1zyGS4lmECLM9F5eWFbtvsj20M2cRlq4VKDMfPgZi7jLFzGWriMt3ApZfHCttiEozw5QepwKhERSK14YVtsIlhcBUYaMUsGi9e55Fu4pBkuJSxe2BabSIyvJmgDs5kS4UdusYm24iYhAoZLZtFSLMbXbRPlcMR6i8VyFj8HFd/H7XIsmTmSCPqhhcsMTKi3pjLfcfl/gMtfUPkuXC4vL09PTk5PTS0uLLxoaZmbm3vR2hobHX1g3177c+cel5W91pseHx9Xq1Sfffrp7p1fv8nlPQ+P/Xv2aFUqZp/PW+faflFcirIxkdHCZT7bNv2f4JLpesdYccOstssxvu5lQA1uGMKVYAKNpQ0YauFSjTORgLkhZi4phkumxee35f04Nplk4TJ0y/Yg1vZ4VKDFqEQLl2EoL87CpcSKF7rFJpzFTdjEZZgVN8zMJfUql9RmLiMwvoqg9Lh5cXvEFptoK67ydS4F2q2iLI44GTP/Q+Qsfg4mLsLtmFDzSRipJOiH239dYv1BAW6bgdHJ77h8x+W/WfluXC6lp6Y6XL7scOWyVq1ubW4eGx01DQ62tLR0tLdPT0+vvnr5yvJyfl7uzq++3PX1V62vcrm2thbg7/+H3/3u8798dvLECbVS+dr48erqyurqyujIiCZJdc/N7d+eyx3pbFEWJjSitBanjAyXmHmXtITFS+LQqRyR3mJfJMJVsSnDq1zGbXDJesmllrnEajOXtJnLLdsDrN6PI0g1ZhmptHqFS8kbXEpYvNBNXCYgglgrbsiW7W9waROGcFUWLqUsfqQVN8zCZTzGvM/2CIyXRFCW6SB+xBabKCubRITZQWRe4xmD8bVbRVkc22TMnAldzuJno+Ii3C4LE+nNXFIPt3/40PqDfCa5LofMeMfld+JyaGhIq1arEhM7OzvX19d7e3oiwsJamps3AjIsLy09KCqKj4srLyv7Lmz8m5W+3t6CvLyqJ09mZmaGTKb8vDw/b++ggIC62mcz01PNzU2SmBjve/c0SUmdHR1tL14kxMV5eXjESSStLS39fX0ZaWleHh4RYWH1dbXLy/8orNx34XJ1dbW8tNT73r2Tx49funDBw80tNDg4UaG4X1TU2dGx8EY8ofX19ftFRbt2fr3r669aW1teO1Ty8GFYSIjH3buX7e2PHDqkT9ZtrENaXFhoqK8vKihINRrdXF1vODtXPH48Ozs7Njr2s9Qhk6m9rW2gf2BkeGTz6+PjkwP9/fc1mjt2O4yEKA0X6jAqCad01qJsjjgFF6qZMJQIV8Gh9ByhFqfjUUEswgtDuYkcSsemmRMiWdwQ1nYJzlezKRVGxiGCCCtuCMKNxvkqgo5HBTEIL2jLdh9keyCHrySoOFQQxeIGWW33s3pfwhYkMZknEF6IlY2P1fsSDqkgKDkiiGZxg622B7C2yzCBCqfiUUEMwg3esj0E40rZpJqg5Cg/CuEGWW0PRWzkuECH0/EoGc3ihbBsQlBu4lZag5vfOYxlE4xwVTiZSFAyXBDN4gZv2R6K8RLZ5oXrEoQXZmUTwbKJRwU6nFJiAinCC7XaHonzVdtE6dZiDU7Ho2QMwpMivExMnEfYpuNCLU4pcDKBIItsPiyy3pGNiw04peIIUr/4vPXB/bHJ6fGpmbGJydrauvy8vLrausmp6ZHhkY729oG+/tc+i5+yjvx/9u77r6m7fRz/H/F5S3J2ApqcfRJQ29537y63qMiQIQiouFed1brZEEYmCRnsPWSKgjIUF3VbbeveiCxlKe7vD+ckorb3eN+V9v0t1yO/9CScRE2fXK91XR2drfdbr1271t7e/sd+hgcPHgzl8mFbW2Z6+qb163/4oaW/r++HEyfWrl7d1NBw8MCB6srKhvqDv/z8c4bNtnnjxqyM9Du3b927e/fFixfXrl69fetWd3f3uTNnavft219T88vPP3e0tx85fHhvdVVTQ4OjdtGfKtrb2yvKyzatX5+bnd3R0XHwwIH4mJj46JgUnc6g09ZUV5WVlsZFRxfm50eFh1eWlxUV5K9f+21Bbu7WLZuz0jOyMjK2ff99us22/fvvzUbjhXPn/sl7/S+Xerq7us6dPbunpESv1aqTknZu3/7tqlVrVq7ctWPH0ebmD7epH2pqDPT3C/T3cwzGX795w//79vT03L979/LPPx9qbJzh7h4TFXX18mX+NYODgxcvXDhYW7unuHj3jh3bv/++paWlv3+gq7Nr+B98Bn3j+vUHra2dHR1Dn3r06PGD+61NRYW7P/m0TDq2UuJajCnzJMri0W77XMaVS1wLMEUGwqYidPYQLi0IY0CoHBdFMX9iB2VNMKWFSZuELXBW5mOKdIRNgSgtQqVK2HwpDy6jtnOZK1VmoJwJptUQmQATNmcuD1Nmo5wZZnQQFf+WS5YnNQkm0zCuAHvLpRajbe9yqUOoDAlX7OASorQInStzLZQos1DODDN6iNLCVL5EkSNVpkk4M0xrQFIvEbjMwRQ2hNFDVApM81zmYlwayugg0ihh82Vjq0aPK5S4ZqIKM8zYYGYvNrZOOr6S78whUWRKFQ3U3xpGf7pPMm6PRJnvwpV7zbpysK6zo6Ors7Oro+P86dMH9u+/cP5CT09vZ0fnjes3Wu+3drZ3fIx/7n/n0dHe0Xr//rWrV9sftnd3df+Bn+FB64NXQ7a/9Pb2HjtyZOWyZY0NDdevXSstLtqyaVP9gQO5WVkJcbFx0VF6rTZJpfp29aq46Oi9VZUHa+ueDAyUFheVFhUdbW7WJicb9frdO3aYjcaSoqId27bpNWqL0XiypeXf7LMwnPGwra2woGDRwgV6jabtwQOb1bJ183f79+5tbmpavWLFlk0bk1Qqm9n8oLU1PiZGFRu7a8f29Wu/fdDaGhMZuWn9+iVhYcuXLLl+7VpyQsKGb78tKij4J+/1XxRwe/Pm1atX/f39nR2djfX1W7ds+WT8+P/5f/8vfNfOoRWJ3rx5Mzg4uH/fPl8fb18f7wvnzz9//ryvr+/Wrdv37t8fHBzs6enp7Ojo7u6+f/++n++cyPDdH3ZG+78ydxnxyacVzmOrMddSVFGAKUpd3Gqdx1VirkWIMosvn+GsLHd2K8WEPotGmM53Vu6RuvJbcMwQpQPJNJQtkiqFYSxE6WDKgrGFwpCZ0QJkIkxqXdgCib0SMEgmgUS6VFGAKXMRzgoxepBMAIl0Z0WeVGgVqQPJZIjMQLgiYVqA1oGkHqXTpYpiTLizDiQNEJWFKfagrjmIwgozBojSw3T+GNdi+51TQEoHUYWoMk+izMA4C0TrQNKAMflSpWP13ABSRojOQbg9mJIvAmIAyVSMKRzjttdlXDHmms1XLYKYGnTsQcl4R+3kbImiifhb0+hPa/nmus6KymlTr2RldLQcb//hRNuJYz/sKdmfn3vx7Nmng89HBuPvDsbbXr1+O+n/+tWr3t7eHVu31lRXH9i/PzlBlaLTtRw/vq+62mQwbFy3bsb06bt37Ni4bt33332XnJBgNaX29PTEx8RsWr9eFRsbOm9eSVHRti1bFoaGzgsM9PTwKC4sKC4sOHPq1H9Zse0jxYVz52Kjoox6fduDB+ZUU3Rk5I1r125ev75syZK5fn7btmzhC2ekWa3fbVi/avlyVWzsmzdvsjMzwxYsmOk+feP69a9fvy7Iy1u5bJnZZPonb/RfcTkwMHDs6NE0i2XD2rU+np6TJkyYNnVKSWHhe7uFrl65kqhSffbJ+M8+GZ+bndV6/35jfX1wYOCmDRuuX7taXVmZotNlZWRsWPvt5IkTMtPTH3+QnP6f4LK5tDTczmWJncv9zuMr7PXQeC7LnN1KMGU2wlphOgWm+Vm/97gs/IDLgn/BJZkm5QowfgKU0b3LpRmitADh4DIb4az/kktYYYUYPUjpETpvtGsRpuAX7g0Cl4o8iULgEiANGJP3lkvWAFJGkM6GuT3o212fqRhT8JZL7kMuc1AuS6JoJD5rHP2J0FwXU5Th4098PeWc+8yT02ccmTq98MsvsxbNP72/ZvD5y97evhEu+397qefZs2d6jSbVYIgK373+22+rystPn/xBnZg4PzjYY8aMKRMn7ty2bcPatdu2bNEmJ6dbLL09PeqkpIWhofODg2dMm5ackLB18+YVS5fMC5w7bfLkrVs2H6yra//vToh/vDh/7lxMZKTApckUGR5+5Zdfrl29umzpUj8fn80bNpaVlL5+/dqSmrpuzZplixfHxUS/efMmw2YLDZ7nPm3qpvXrX79+nZ+Ts2LZ0o/C5cmWlriYmOB5QfOCAlctXx4TGZmfm3vsyJGff/qpq7PzvS4cP1+6lJWevm3Llm1btpSVlNy9c+fnS5csJlNxQUH7w7YDdbWxUVHbtmwJ37mjsqzszu1bH26q+j/EZbl0bBXmWoIq8jFFiYvbfudxQ7nMeZdLA0zx0AjVy4dwWfC2OBttfpfLhLdcsua3XCryMUW2nUsVQKQ5K3KHcJkEEekIW4jyr6G1AKFD6TSpoghTZiEsz66e38aEKrNhPnOkdDCdN9qtCFMO5bKAzy5RB5d0nlRRKlHmObiE3uFSD5ImO5dCS16IToOYvejYOmxcNTq2WOCSayA+a3CxL/6gilLM9Yjs05PE347gnx3EP8kczdp8fU5WV4xw+S+5fPHixf69e79dvdpj5owN69bevnVr04YN0ZERRQX5GTbb9KlTtm3ZwpfI0SQl5WRm9vb2JqhU80NCFoctDAoIOHLo0A8nTpxsaTl96lRTQ4NBq1k4P9RqsXy4ye/PED9euJAYH59msTx8+NCcaorYveunixevX726YtnSlcuXJcTFlRYVv379Wq/VREeEb928efv337958yZFp1uzYkWgv/+3q1e/fv06Mz19zaqVGelp/+SN/pcbiWqqq7ds2rR508bc7OwDtbXnzp69d/furxZCf/PmTXdX19UrV86fPXv+7Fl+6bynp+f6tWt379wZHHx67+7dUydPHmluPn3qVEdH+682PPozcjnwpP/ps4HB5wODz588e9H16PGRiordn3xaJnXjN9DkYYpiF7d9zuMq7BUrUgUuXUswZTbMWiDaAFO5UkWJfQuOCaK0IGlD2QKpUjh7A5E6mPqQS40LWyBRZiKsGaI1IJn4W1xKlHy1YC1AJkEkzyXfj0wDEFqETpMM5ZJwcMmXZNeBpA6mcke7FmH2hXuQ1L7LpRYg9RidK1WUYEr7VicqBaSyYLb0XS7zx7hVu4wrxATlbRBTjY6txcZVomOLUGU2ymVKuHriswaXT2qwsXswZR6iKEGUzdj4FsknhyXj6yRu6Qhl9fY6WVU+wuW/5PLVq1c3r19fuXz5tCmTVXGxfX19G9ev37B2bUJcXFR4uPv0aeE7d363YUN0RIRBq/3+u+9Ki4uXL1267ttvE1WqoICANIuluKCgrKSkpLDQmpoaGxXp7zvHmJLCH/X5U8WtmzfTbNYAP7/FYQuPNDdnZ2bu2rFDq1ZbzeatmzfbLJYMm23X9m2V5eUb169Lt1lTjcYlYWHle/YsW7I4PiZGFRe7asXystLSLZs27d6x/fcv4PbixYtzZ85UV1W1nDjR19v76tVHn/3903HZ29v3uKf3Ydujm9c7Lp7rvnn9/s8XG2yWXePG75G6VWCuhagiF+OKXFz3OY8rF86xsCaYznZWDOVSD1M5UkWxRFmIKjIRxgSSWpCwoUyBVGk/V0NqYcqMMfY+Yozm17kk0qScg0vtWy4V/5xLm0RRiDnuQ+ghciiXWpDU2rnkc1I9SGogsgBV5EqU6ShntnOZI1UUY8JmKT1AGkAqC2ZL7FzqQNKIMvlj3KpcxjnezgoxVejY/di4CtStEFVmoyzPZf3oT2owt1JUmYtwJYjyMDr+BPYp36AiDaGtPt4nq0ayy3/N5Zs3bwafPk232WKjow/U1T1//ryyvFwVGxsVHh4fGxsRvru4sDA7M7OqomLf3r3fb/5Ok5QUvnNnQX7+saNHE+LiYiIjtUlJGTZbus0aFRERFx2tTko8cqT532jfONxx4fw5dWJiYID/gtCQfXurjxw+nJ2ZyY9WS4uLf7p4samhYee2rRG7dsVFRx8/evTY0SNR4eG7d+z4buOG/fv2HT92zKjXR+zcuWPrtj0lJf989f+/mrsctviTcdnV2zfQc/N6e+O+O3m2n2K2X7WlXLDoy9at3KFw3SN146tb5mBckYtrjfO4MswtH1GkwawRorKcFXucXYsxwSM9xHPJt7dljCCpBQkryuRLHFxSWphKxZh8iSIbYS0QrQFI1QdcJoCE1c6lGWK0IKUCiDRn7kMuC1BFlnCft1xm8CUyQUIHkRkYV4LyOSnl4LLwXS7zUUWuRJGOCsN8HUbnSBVFdi51AGkAyUyYLUGVuYjCBjFa4H0uUwUu3XguC1BFJsKmS7iDxGcHXeyzmQhXjCgPoeOPY582Scbvl7jZEMri4/XDSHb573H55s2bzo6OttZW/tjIs2fPTp88ebip6eKPP965c7v94cO21tbenp6uzs6DdbWN9fU/X7r4+FH34ODg3du3y/eU1VRXXzh37vq1qw319VUVFbdu3vwTWvnmzZt7d+82NzWVFhaWlZRc+vHH3p6eu3fuVFdWVpaV8cfh29raGg8ezM7MvHDuXG9PT19v78ULF7IzM08cO9bV2fns2bPbt24V5OUdamy0tz7/zRjh8j/msquru+/p84cNdde2r/tlw4rjXh5NkybXeXlkec3cRnKlUrcyzK1A4FJZI+WP/XFpfPkMZ0Wps7IIE4r46iAqR6q0c8kaQUoDkhaUyZco+YPVKRClgSkTxuRLHMyRKohUu7D5EmUGwqZClBokEkDCKuHyUIFUnkubM5cjEZpHagBiKJdDskuuEOM7677lshhVZtq51MBU7mjXAkw4wK4DSQ1E5qGKHIkiDWVTIVoN4DqUzpG8xyWVCXN8x0cHl3mj3SpdxvJzsiaIsoB0Beq2DxtbgQp//DSMPUB8VucyvgpzK0YVOQhbhCgPoeOPYZ82SsbXYK5WhLL4eP8wkl3+CpfvrIz/Vry2x7+8/vbKb/zInypeD4mhVz58wa/+54ev/60Y4fI/5rKzs6vvyWBny5Fr2zadmuR+YfO3R+f5V/7jayM9bjujKJG68VUksjGuwMV1r5SfhuP4akOZzooSZ2UhJhTx1UJktlRZJBFG6w4u8yTKPFTBrylr+OwSU2TBnAVi1AAZDxFqZyZPoshAWNMHXJohWgtS8UO4NEGUGiASISLtfS4pnkt7dknqICodFbhMhSgNSGpgKme0awGm5LuYObjMHsKl1s5lNsJaIVoDkHqQyoBZvicPz2UKyuSOdqtwHiuU6gAFLmuwseWoa76dy7q3XCqzEbYQUTSh449in/KnyM0IZfYeyS5/lcuRQ5DDESNc/sdcdnV19z0Z7Dp36mZi1BmfOcc9fY7PD9rv7Wn+7PNtFFcsdduDueYjXBbG5Tu7VkvdSoVqQ3TKEC7TYeZDLlNASg0SFoTJkyhyEeGIoQYiTSiTjwnFzB1c5tq5TAYIlZ3LrCFcWqVcjkRo8agGiASQsCFs/lsuSQ1C2SRcwRAutRCVjrLF9g4WPJfZo13zhQyU0oJEsp1Lm8AloUXpbImiEFPapwsInssioW4IrQFIwwdcmu1clqGueWUrmqkAACAASURBVKgiA2Ftdi4r7Y3OCxBFIzr+CPZpvWR8NeZmhqnUES5HuPzj4s/C5evXr1++ePFb+fCfjsunzzpajl6L33V+cejRmbOb5/jU+nrZpkzcSrFFUtdSTJmHcFkom++srJa6lWDKHIS1QrTh17lUFEqEIj0GkEwGCDPC5Apc0jqQVEOkCWXy7KglA0Q8RCQ7M7mYIt3BJUBYJWwuKgyrNQAZBxBWKZct4fiR71Au+RlPNUBqEMpq59IE0snAO1ya7Nmlg0sTzyVI5tq5NL3DpWIIlyTPZbbAJWFAmZwhXBpBKhWky1HXvZjbHtQ1F+HSEcaKsbX4Z7Uu4yswt0JUmYmwBQjXgI1vlnx6QDK+CnNNhalUL8+WES5HuPyDYji4fP78eXd3953bt1tbW9+bLX79+vXjR4/u3rlz4/r1q1eu3L5161d3KvzZuOwffPbwUP0vm9ecmed/ZuOKxpmzKr6aYP7ii600VyR15bfUZKJsnrOi6kMupcoCO5caiMySKgrsCzvvcwkJp3GMDi5BOln8K1zGA4RZwuagXCbMpoKUg8ssib1aMEAkgITVzmUqRCcDpBqhLBIuHxPSvWSA0ICkYzBugig1SKqhd7jUAO9zmQwQWpTOkigKhnCpA8l0mC1EhY30aoDQo3TOaNdygUvWCNKpIF2GulXbF8HTEMaKMfvxT/e7jK/A3AoQZQbM5iNcPTb+sOSTA5JxlZirESZNXp4tlSNcjnD5x8RwcNl6/35hfv6yxYt379hx7+7doU+9ePG8fM+edWvWLAgJWb5kyYqlS3+1FeefisvOzs6+p88eXf7phibh6OffHJ/ne2JNWNX0GdrRHM8lv6UmA2VznRWVUrdi+yjVAFIZUkWRVJlvL5zON40o4EuowYweJJIAIvVXuKR/g0uBwiFcMnYucauUy5IoHFyqQMKKMHkol2HnMhmhLBI2H+Pe47IIVabDrNHOZdZoZR7GZSCsCaI1IJkMkjkoly3hbChrhKhkANegVJZEUWDfUKkBCC1Iptm5NEN0MoDrUTp7tGuZsxtfNN4AUiaQ3oO6VmFupahrDsLZEMaCsfvwT/a5jHNUXM9FuINCCeGxFZhyhMsRLv/YGA4uL/744+6dO8e5uc0PCb5+/frQpx60tm7Z/N2SxYubGhp+vHAhOChInZR47YOqRX8qLvnBePuJI1fjdp5fvaRpypRGb499c+fY3KdtIZgCqZLfpZiOMrnOinKpm6PQrx6k0u1c8gvlapDMkCry33JJOrjMsRdV+63sMgdTpCGMEaKSAHIolyaQUgNkrBi3vJtd8lzmohyf2CYDRDJCmSVsnr2HRBJAaEDShrKF9vblySCZDFFZo5W5KMcP2DUAmQQSb7kEqSTxWy75+U01QGgBMg1mC1Blpp1LHSJwmfsOl8pK+54hK8yYUWYf/kmNy9gyTMmXjs+FuTp7TcxyTJkCk0Zvr5bqimevXvcNPr/X1v6ob6D/6bP+/id/eS7/rZXxkfgvYzi47OzszMnKmjJpkv8H9S5Pnzq5Ytmy77ds6erqGhwcXL1y5ZZNmw41Nr53h0fd3ZXl5XFRUWdOnX7+/MVA/8Af8nj86PHdO3e7u7r7B5+3Hz30y/aNp3z9fli+uMHbs3zSZOPfv9hCsQVSVzuXbI6zooLnkt+UDlJpQ7LLFIhSv59dfsgllQxRRpTJFbikhmaXQ7m0SNjcf8KleEh2CTOpEJUMEGohuxQW5ZMAQs0fwbRzqbZzmcd31gUpDUDwXGZJOCvKGvmcFKUyJVyBfTlILca1AJkGMQX2XrvJAK5DHVwKzTCMIFWKKivt7c94LmvwT2pcxjpOT+bAXB02rkEyfh82tgxTGmAqZeq0ZlVkV31N6+H6a8cPX91Xee/EkUcPWgeeDg7/96G3t7ers+vO7Ts9PT0DA3/Md7Kvr6+jvaOtre3Vn3uvz/8/YpiWeg41NQX6+/nP8Xmv3uXBurrlS5fExsTw78ifY91bVcU/++LFi/v37v106dKJ48dTU1Iidu482dLy5MmTx48e/wGPx487Ozpv3bzV/rD9UW9/2w/Hfo7YdnSq+7GF8xuDAkonTdEox2+m2VxnZT6mzEA4G8pmOSvKnN34tIsfyVqduXxnZQ6msMCMHiKTIDJdyuVJ+brojBYiE0DCiDLZEkUWKpRHS4RJPUpnYxyPYyKAx0JEojOTLVFYEb4SMBkLEqkSNhtl0xEmBaKSQCJajKdKuQwJxxegTASIOJAwI0zO2/sQSQiVKmFzJEIl4ASASIJIK8rmY8KVJJBIhMmM0cocTJGGsCkQlQwSCRCRhbEZEs6MCnWIk1EqXcI55lKTAEINEFaYyUMV6QhrgqlEANegdOYYZYmLK//n0oGkAaSKUWWZxLUQU2YgXCpCG1Gmmhhf5TJWqPoBM5kIu08y7oBkfLXErUSi1KG07tO/1/rPufbd2ksJEce2bzu8dsWP6aa2a5d7+p88fjzcX4nuru6HbQ9v3rjR1dn1+HHPH/K1fNT9qK2tre1B28hgfBhimLhsamwM8J3zYXng/TU1y5Ysjo+L5d9x+9at69asqa6sFD7PwEBjfb3ZaEpSqVYuW7Z5w4ajzUe6u7oftD4Y/kfbg7Z7d+9duXz57p27D9o775w4djE55kiQ797Pvz4QFFAWMEfzxRcbSCbTWZktUVhRNhVj0lwURS5uORKFFWX1MJUIkSZnLttZmSHhjAitgcl4mLA4c1lSRTrKGREmGSLjQEKP0elSRRrGpiB0IkTEwYQGo9OlnBll9DAVD+KRMBHvQqdLFakoo4WpeJCIgnCDlE2TsGaU1sKkCiIiANzgzFmlXCrCaGAqHiSiIdyIMhkYZ0ZpHUzGg3g8ShqkbIaES0VoLUzFgbgKJk0Ymy1RmFFGC1MqiIhHSOsYRYaEs6CMFiZVIB4LEWkYa5WyKRijgck4EFehlEXKZko4C8roYVoFEgkgYUKYLExhQVk9QsWDeBJG2cYoC0a7pmGcEaGTIVIDUXmYoljqmitR2FA2BaH1GFNGji8d7ZYnUaZjnAlhbChbKR27z3lcmdQ1X6pMltBJtGvFF9+cm+N3bMmCss++rJo1o0Udf+vC2Yed3W0P2ob5K9F6v/X27duXf/nl/r37w//ujs9w986d1tbWES6HIf4wLvlt9Adqa1csXaqKj+Mvbvv++3VrVldXVgifZ2DgUGOjzWxWJyZ+u3Lldxs3Nh8+3NHRef/e/eF/tN5vvXv7zi8//3zr1u37DzuvVOw5uXbpsWXzG5aF7vlqYv43E/XTJq8nmTQXZYZUkYoyKShtcWELRrtmSRVmjNUidAJEGp25TBdlmoQzIHQyTMbBeKoLl+GsSMPYFJRJhMlYiNBijM2Zs2KsHqFUEBEDE8kYneasSMUYLULFgngEgse60DZnzoQxGpiKhYgICNc5szYJl4oyGoSKg4jdoFzvwlqkrAml1QgVBxFREG5AmTQJZ8JoDULGgngcSumlXLpUYUJpDUzFgkQ8TBolTJaEM6GMGibjICIOIc1jFOkSLhVl1DAZD+GxMGGVsBYpa8AYNUzGAng8RpmlbIaUM2OMDqHiQFwFEUaUyZQoLBjLX0lEKcsYZd5oV5uEM6BUIkwkw2SORFHo7JotVVgwVo/SGglTQo4vHu2WK1GmYVwKSlsxttx5bLXzuFKpa65EkYBRiW7j9y4K+XHjmrrPv9rr61m3MuxoQsRPdXvbuh7dv986zF+Ju3fv3rhx46dLP925c7d12N+df9y7c/f2zVut91t/3/9hR+JX44/h8sb166XFxQfr6s6cOrVm9epv16y+dfPGs+fPF4SGbvv++5MtLfxPvXr1qq+vr7Oz8/q1a4V5eTEREadOnhwcHOwd5ujp6e3t6+vr7+7uvnP3bmf3o94ng+3nTv0cvfvQl5OOLgluWBBY/M2kJFzxHcVmS5W5qCINZswInSHlSpxd8zF+PzmtBkmrlB+McxaY1oNkIkjYJFyuRCEMxkFSBRBGhMmSCBt3kgFCBZF6hMnGFGkIkwJRCWI8GsQTpHS2RGFDGANIJQBELIibJFwWKrQLTwKIKLHcPhin9RCV4BiMoxw/bZoA4IkwZZJwuRKhEjA/GLegbL6wGkMmAUQSTKW7KPmf0kNkEogngEQmxmVgnBll9BCVICaSECpdwuZiXLowl4onA4QFZnL5PUMQlSDGNQiVMVpZ4uzmmGTQg1QRqtiDCScgTTBtQJkKYnyFM79HnTPDdAbM7sXG1knG8RvXNSitcf2k+utJFzy8WkLnNiyfv3fmjBO7dtw/f7rv2fPe3r5h/l48fvy4o73j1s1bj7ofDf+789HzuKf9YfvIYHx4Yji4vHTxYmx09N8/+/Tvn32aZrXeuX27+fDhZUsW79y+/crlyyajMWzBgo0b1oeHhwf4++Xl5n7Ycbi7u7u8tDQ2Kur0qdPPn7/oH+4Y6O/rG+gfePTo8Z2bN7o7OvqfPus43fJLfPiJwLkHJk+tn+tbMcfT8I8vNxFMtkToTMtzWSp1zbevk6gB0irlCqTKXFQoV5EIEmk8l/xZb4BUiQkjQmdJOJ5LNUAkgKQeobOF9WsyQYzHgHiilM7GFDaYNoBUopiIBfBUCZeNcukwkwJSyQARLZanStkMCWt/DR4H4GaYyXG0ihTjSTCZirG5mMJqv08ySFpRNt9+/jKJP2nuosgRmkeSSQCRABJZKJeBsWYea55LjMt1tDgX48liwgIxefaTnQKXLsoSqWuWvf6mHiCLEMUeTFmA8nvp6RSEqcAFLjNhLhWiMyBmLza29i2XlJodu3fK1J9Cg35YFlo1aWrtHJ9z+uSHly8NPH/Z3z8wzF+L3t7ezs7O27dv9/T0DAz7u/PR18sv9YxsJBqOGA4uz5w+rVWrVyxbtnzZsnSr7fq1a2fPnImJijIaDO0PH54/dy5Fr1+2dEnYggUGve6KvVHP0PiDNxI9GXx8/Upny9H7TQcvH9x3dU/x3WPNN4pzL2xd17IopN7LZ7+Hxx6PGSkTv9lEMFkSvtUibULoNDuXDsUsEjZfoshBhXIVCSBhk3A5mFA3SAOQKjGegtCZEs5+wJFUgaQOobMxzgbTKSCZIJbHgHiClM7ChAbiCWIiVoybMFbILkEyCcCjxXKThE3HWL4NZIIYjwPwVJjJRjgbzKSAVIIYT4TJVIzNQRVW4TVEMkBaETYPVdggxgCSiQCeCBHpLopslOV3/ySJCRVAZCJcOsaaEeHOSQiVhrF8P14jSCUKXNK5dpoTxLgaodJdlEVSV74siAYgdABZgChKUWU+KtQfMSB0hXx8ubNbISqcqU+3Vy0qx9wKUEUyQiZzY2t8vX5aFXbEz2fvtBl1oYFnDEn3z59+8vzlwNNnA08HB54M9g88/ettJBrhcjhiOLh81N1949q1ny5e/OnixVs3b/b39Q0MDLTev9/e1vbi+fM3b948bGtrPnx4f01Nz+PHv3qHP5LL/oGB5686jzbeUoVf+nbZyfCtzaEBJ9avOrVl3cllC5o9PY6vW7nf2zvvH18muY3dRLFZEkUOylntXJZIXR3FMt7jkh96W+1cpkK0+re5HIKjPBrEVe9yGcNzae/0kCjGo0QCl3YK8di3XNIGkFSJ8QSYNGFsDspZIVoPkCoxkQSQFoTJQzgbROtBMgHAE0Ai3UWZjXIfcMmlIgx/50SETMPYHNSOowhPEhNmiM4ZQnMyQqXZuTQN4dJRE5PveVkuH1fm7OaoWpQGs5X8uXLMNR9VJCFkstsne709L4TOO+Tu3rBiYU3gnKPbNt3cX9lz+1ZPR+eje/e67tx+9KBthMuR+BjxZzkz/s/jD80uB/oHXz6+8tON6OiWryc3zp55Yt2ymi8n13v5nNy44rCvZ/Xf/tG0ZH6Zv0+i0m0jQWdKFNkoa4VoE0ynSbgSqWvu26lA3Cxh8ySKbFQoj6YCcJ7LTIFLQiXGDTCdif0mlyqBSyYLU1jsFMaIcSPGZiD80JtMEOORIrmR55JPYwUu6SxEAJTn0oix2fzMAEDGi/EEgDAjTJ6w5ZNQAbgKJNJcFFmo8FPvcakDyXixPAEhbRjLZ6AfcmkASZUIT4apNBdFodQ1HeHPAhFagMhHOJ5LG8wYIFqH0Hvk40qd3RxlOGwway/DocxDuUSUSqRd9yj+dmayx6lta8unTiqfNvnYqsVXY7Zd2bbublnej6qdp3dtuJKf0d/b1z/wpL9/YITLkfgdY4TLf/XoHxh4/qq9+eBNdczZJQvqvpnQ5O99eHnYoaC5zXN8Tm5YXjvHo2r61NLZM43uUzbidKb96LQRpq0SrljimjNk5SRVwuZKFFn2AekQLoVCGPFi3ADTGRjnKHvxa1zKVVI6E+P4Fo+qd7nUg0SCGI8QyYwSNg1jLRClA0iVCI8FcBPMZCLCKpNKLFdBApdmiHJwmYowuQjfqOd9LnUgmSAm4gEiw8ElQMaL5Akwz6WQgapEeKKYSAXf45K0uSgKpUoHlxqAzEe4YlToMWmAKDuXrrmokJZaIaYcda3mW0UiXAJMJnJjawL9f1q3ssFzVtnUSXVLQpt9/E5P9bi8ccWZpWGHpkw/Gjrv52xLd9uDvhEuR+L3jhEu/w0uX7x62FR7ZeeWU3PnHgoLOeg5s37+3OblC48tDD3k4920NLTGzyvvmwmJruM3kkwGJnR3SIFpq4QrkrjyJ/z4EzsmCZsr4bIQ4YQMz2U29rZuUJydS74ORZKYiAeJ97iMsg/Gh3KZgrEZCGuFKT3Acyk3Srg0zL6CJHBJZyGsBab1IBEvlqsgMgVls/4VlzYXZSbK8l3MHFymYawJoR1cWjE2G+Ws73KZjXD8HGi8SJ4Ek3xPcweXaoDMQzi+JqYFYvQgpYWpUvm4EmfXXMFZygIxZagrX/4yB+ESYCJROa5y1syzwYGNc2bvWxhU6efT4ONzNjjo0soFJ2Z7HAsMOBQadDJ6d8eNq/0DTz/24cgRLv9qMcLlv8Vlx6ljV8J3nJjt2TB3blNo4L45sxsWBB1fsajJ26vWy2t/cECB+3SVcuwGgk7HOL7kjwGmrBK2SOixQ+tAMhEgTBI2h98kBFIagIwHcAv2lstkgIgTyfUwnYG9Xb+OAwktQmdhrBWm9CAZL8KjQFwleZtdxovxaLE8BWPTEdYKUTqAUInxCJE8RcKmYXxbHjJehMcAuAmmMx1cit7hUvdPuHRWZtqbPiaIiTiASEfYNIw1IpQWIAQuUTYL5fNWSiXCE+xcWodwaXVWFEiV/J8rSUyoxWQuouCLvAl12mGyRD62WOqaY++WboaEc+X8y1QwkcC67flmwqk53kcWB1f6+JR5zGqc5392UchZP59T84OPBgfV+885sXNr193b/QODI1yOxO8bI1z+G1w+f9V57tQ1neqE/5y9n311eMnC/XP9aud4Hp4/9/jqxRV/+2avl2dpgLdu8jfr5FQaxmUgTCpEGWDKImELh3CZICaMdi6Nb7lkszB+Cw6ZJMZjRXIdTKVjrGNNOQ4gNPA7XEYCeLyEzsSE04TxYjxKLDdgbDrKWiH6XS7Zt1yKcSNMZyAs/1NxQ7jkZwbixHI7l6zApdjBpWOfEx4rxtMQ1oYxRoTSAEScSK6CSSvKZqI8xFS8CE8QEyY7l3qQjBPJE2HS6szlS5WOxahkMZGLKArRt+1/k2GyWOZWJBUKOOlAMhWiS1FlBebKl7+MR4h4SlnuPu3c4pDDi0IKPvmiKtD3cEjAydkeZ2Z7nV23sn6qe92sWafV8Y+7uvqfPO0feNLf/6R/4En/wEdxc4TLv1qMcPmvuXzy4tX9yuJfdmw4tXzBwYVBlZ/849Dq5UfWLG3y9Twc7Ht08+qyadMy/vb3xL99to6gbPyhbJDUQ5RZMqQbOL/qjTHZGJcxhEszxmZ+wGWawCWZKCZ4LjMdCzLvcqkFiHixPAqQGySMg8v4X+MyWiwXuIQoLc8cRBpRNnsIlyoANyF0jlBjWODS6sx3MftnXFrsXAoQi3EHlzqAjHWSJ0CkxZnLkwrliBLFRJKYyIa5fFTodKYByWSYKpaNHcqlCaSLEWU55lqIKjIQJhYi4l3HV4cGnF25uOqzL/YvnV+9cO7+me4nfHwuR21r+npyk8/s5tWLzpq1D29e53saDzx7MfD81cCzlx9jHnOEy79ajHD5r7kceP6q68LpX3bsaJ407eD8gIbFIRXTptcFBx1bt7xu5rS9Hu51YcH57u7RBDeUSy1EpmJD+jXaucyScOkIy2/DjBXjqRibyQ+9ITJRjMfYueQXSRLERCxAqGE6w85lnEgeAcjjJFQ6xjqYc3DJ54DxYjzcSZaCsTaBSyJOJI8Sy1PsXOoAMk4kj383u4wVyVUAbhzCZbwYj7Nzyb8mXiRwaUWZFPgdLjPs85txIrlKhBtBOpNveg6QsU6yBIg0O3N5UoUVZvT85nYxmQVzfNsJoZImRBXJxhZK3/6CMYJ0MaIss5e/jIGJWFpZ4Pb34xNnHlm1uMzPs3DqpIMhc88sX3xiyoyWsJDmxcH7vWc3rVr98NzJrh/PPL5zs+vG1YeXzj/8+ce+x49HuByJ/zKGg8vLv/xSUlSk1WhSTcYrly8/ffp06LMXzp8vyMtLMeiNBkOqMeXY0SOPurvfu8Nwc9k/0P90sP/ps/4ngwNPnz158arj9PEriTFHfX2rvp5YvyCwZq7vPt85jSGBR5YvKJ8ysdJ7VqGXR/LXX30rJ63Cjm5SC5EmjMmX2LMngHiPy6R3uKQdXGphKg3j7FzisQCuhqkM++whz2WshHIQ5uAyTeCSiBfj4U5jDBhjxVgzRL3lEnJkl2SsSB4HkQaUzRzCZTyAGxE6G3HcGY8DBC6FlSgRHjOESzWPLEyaUTYDYc0QzeeS8SI8BaQz7eoN5dK++YlIEhNZMJeHCDvSNSCZBFOFsrEFUqXQKQggjSDFn/zJR7h0mImB8BhaWTJt+qnQkPrQgPxvvi4P9G3wDzg+0/OU35yWFQtq3d33zfY8unLZ1d3br0bsvGbRn48MP7l58+WirN7uR797gvln4rLt1auRepcfPT46l/39/YX5+RvXrduw9tvlSxan6HQ/XbzouP/r16+zMjJCg+eFzpu3cd26TevXV1VUtD98+N5NhpvL3t6+rq6+7u6+xz29Xd09XZ2tB6p+itp+LDhw70yPmtmz9i8MrAsNbJjrd2hh8L5A37JZ7tlTJid+/o9vccqCsla+gyNEmjAmz97elk/WDBiTib3lMkbgkk2z75f8bS6F3C12CJemIRQaMCYNYcw8lyK5nUuGr9cb+w6XtJ1LwoAy73Apxo2wwKUaIGLF8tghXCYLXMp5Lg12LuNh0owy6QiTClFagBjKpeMKz2WuVGERNiThiWIiC+ZyEY5v3aMGyESYLJC55UuVGULVTiIFpAoRRamwlZ2OBvEY1q3U2+Pk4pB9s2eUenqUB/nXenkdne15dsWCwwFz6mZ51M31b14c+mPI3B+XzD+5YN5hb8+muf5nNTGPHrb19w/8vmKOcPlXi4/O5e1bt1RxcVu3bKmprjZotV4eHrnZ2f32hjwvX76MjoqcOnnyxnXrKsvKK8vLL164wHeRHxpdXV0lRUXDwWX/QH//k/5H3Z0/HGtrOvDwxNEHJ4/dqKm6bNGdWb30sLfnwWVh1bM9KuZ4HlwWenjZ/H1Tpx5YGFId5Jf+5dcRcnYtQZuxt1waBS6HbBISuOSPKgpcZqCsDaINIJkgktu5fOc0jhqm0lFhzvE9LnmwIkVyPcrYEMaRS+52kuk/5BKmHXbHiOSxEKFHmUyUNUGkGsBjhnDJ9yyLFctjAdzi/LYpEM+lDWEtKGOAqWQxHiOSx8GEg0vNWy6pt+9l5zJHInCpEuGJIiILZh0HJZMBIgEi82VueXzDDJBUA4QBpPiTP/zWoigQj+HcCiZ+c8TLo87fpzIsJH/6tL2+nieWzf8hJLDRw+PQotDaYP8DAT6XNiw/v2zRMU+vwwG+zavCTkRs7bpzu7+///dd8+nt6e3o6Lh96/YfyGVfT+/ImfFhi4/O5YVz51L0usL8/OfPn7fevz9xwoToqKj79o49L1++jImOmj1rljopqb9/4Pnz56/f/SX5+vXrV69edXV2lpWWxg4Pl0+f9Xd33kiIPRcw53RY8IXYnTUTJh5aEHRi+YImL4+STz8/9N2akmnTymZMb1we2rQkJIdwqw70L57np/ri8zUy0oyxFpjRg6QaJFNQJk+iTEcYE0QmA3isSG7A6EyMS0MYA0gkATh/eJHnUg+SCSI8WiTXwJQVY97uqQTwZIgUht4gESOShwPyWAmVZm/EOJRLYRAtwnfZuTRBVDKAx4hkUWK5AabTEcbk4BIkdCiTgbJGO5dxYjzlHS7xWID4LS71PJdOsjiISEXZdHtOGuMkixPJDSDl+D0R4yRXDeFSC5DxIjxBhGfYS34YQCoJIFQQmTfGLdfOZbKY0INUPqIotneniITwSJzN/dvnR/18jmxcZePGF3rMqA8LOjbHp1H55eltG2o8Zu2ZOKF+/tzL2zcepb84vTjsyNLQmtnudfNDHt1v/d2XyHt7ejs7Ov9YLvt7+zpHuByu+Ohcnj93LkWnK8zPf/bs2c3r1ydNmhQVEXHn1i3+2VevXqXo9e7Tpk6bOiUkeJ46KfGXn392/OzLly/u3b1z8cKFo83Neo1m944dLSdO9PX1d3V2faxHV3dn9+OOm9eupxtPLQw+NHXqoUDfg4uD9013PzTX/8iqRSUzpxdPnrx38YKa0MC9XrPqFwdXBQfkTZxkm/BN/DdfrpYTRowx8VXQIUKHMVkShRVh9BCZAOBRYrkGo9MknAWhtSChAvBIsdyAMTaMNcO0FiTjxHiESJ4Mk2bhJkSsWB4JyhMQ0oryvcaIaJF8FyCPllAWjDXAfOF0eYRYrsUYmnteAgAAIABJREFUC0obYSoJJGLE+E6nMVqMScWYFIhMBIgokTxcLNfBlBWxV3gTyaMgQoMyNpQ1QGQigEeJZDEArkfoDFQowB4tlkcBuMlZYUUZ/jUxYnmkWG5GGBNGa2EyQYxHiWTRMJGCMjZUKOQeKZJFi+RakLQ53stJFgcRKc5shpQzwrQaJGNFeJwYtyFMplBGnlIBRBxEZMtcs6QKi/1vTANS2QiXb6/wFg7KIxjXIn+fY8vDSr+eUOA5szQ0oNJj1kH3GafWraz19KiYPmVviH/jkgUtMzxOL5rfPD+wxn1qjZfnqZTk9vv3u7q7u7q6f8dvS0d7R+v9+9evXmtvb+/q+mjfyX/5GVpbH4wUcBuWGBYu9fqhXEaGh9++eZN/9tWrVz9dulS7f395WZlBp5vr759mtbbev88/O/j06cmWE6VFRRk22/fffbd18+bjx4719PQ8bHv4sR7tHQ87ulovnf9x546W0HlHFsyr9Z5V5et5cEFIY+DcWm+v8hD/Up/ZBR6zKkICaxeFlrtPL5/rXRLgY/56wk5KsRIn9RImBaGSQCIeIjQYnSFR8BXO4wE8QixXS2irhE1FaTVExIN4OCDTYYxFwpoQWg0RMYA8XCRLhEkTxhhhWg0RMWJ5BChXIaQZFXCMFMt3AvIoCWWWsHqESgSJKLF8NyBXS5hUlDHAVCJIRIvlO0QytYQxYsKVKLF8t1iugSm+JHsCSESK5JEQkYzRFozRwWQCiEeI5VEArkXoNJTlXxMllkeCeIoLZ8YYHUyqQDxKLA8H5CaUScFoNULGA3iESBYFE3qMcdw5QiSLEsk1IGlBGD1MJoB4uEgWAxN6FzZdyjk+YYwYNyNsGsqmIrQGIuNBPAYiMuWuGVJOuALgySCZiXI5mMKGsikwtROS76KVGV9+fXDW7KqAOQUB3hnTp5b5eDfOD27089k3Z/beEP89ft5VfnNOfbvi2MLAel/P2gCf/WEh9ds23b91q+NRb8ej3o7uxx2P+9o7ux4+bP8vvy1tDx7cvXPnyuXLD1oftP/Xd/vffoa2e3fvPXjwYETLYYiPPxg/f16v1ebl5Di4jImOvnnjRl9v75OBgZcvX758+eLly5fPBgdv3rjh4TFr184dly7+yP/s8+fPr165cvzY0dp9+1SxsTu3bWs50dLfP/C7Z5Td3Y+6u7q7u7u7H/V09/R13Lx+aeeO43PmNM8LbFw0r3TKpNrQwKb5wbWensXu7lULgvJnTi/19a5dNL/Gz6dw4oTSAJ/0me4RruNWyQkDxqTAVBJIqEBCi9FZEoUFYXQQyeeSaoy2SlgzQmtAggdUjzFWjE2FaTVIxIrlESJZkiO7hIhYsTwSEI7NpMBUMkhE8dklRlkx1kFPuFiuwRgzKrw1z6VGwpgwJmUIl1qYsiAMz26USB4NERqMtqKMHiYTQTxSLI8GcB1CpyOsARayy2gQN7lwFpTRQ6QKwKPE8gixPBVhjCitgUkVgEeKZNEwYUAZfjYzESAiRbIokVwLknxanQjgEaIxMRBhcGYzpJwBppIAIlokjxXhFoRNR4TMOh7AYyEiS+aaIeVS7VeSQTIL5XJRRRrCpsDUTlC2i+QyPv+iwdNz/6J5GRMnZrm7V831bwz0PzB9av3i4Mo5XsUzZlTP9Tu9cdWhmTOa5vnXzQuo9vetXRF2+8C+1h+OP7hw7t65MzeOHLp74WzHgwdd3Y/+m3yzs6PjQWvr9WvXOtrbu3/XvPU/eHR08p1RRrgchvjoXF69fFmTnKRVqy//8ktjff2smTNTU00/XbzYfOjQpR9/fNTdfe/evevXrt2+deuXn38O8PNLiI+/euX9xrnd3d0fce6yf6C/f2DgyZP+gYH+gScDgy/6Ojuum9QnfHwaJ00/snJRxayZVTOmNy0IPBQWkv/ZV1VzfcuC/cvmeO7z8zm0aknxxMmF06dkz56RMPGbVWNwI0KbIFotJhIAQo/SOUPWuKNFci1K88s4OoDg6waloIzNXqAoXiSPdJKpIdKKMmaI1oFEvEgeLZYnwaTNvg4eI5LvFstjMCpNaPNNxIjkESK5DmWs9rnCWBG+00mmQxkz6pi7lEeI5DqI4vub8/OJsRChQ+k0+yHuaJE8lq+HBLP8OcUYkTwWwM3OChu/NiXGY0SySJHcAjOpKK2DyUQxHu0ki4EJI8rY7E3Po5xkMU5yHUDxm0mTxHjkqDFxIGGUctkSzmhfeooXyW0wm4kIfxsqMR4HEjljXLMkjgOXuBogs2GO30VkhKhdgGw3yeV7uB9bGlI9xzP9b1+UBAXs9fM5MH1qc7Bfw6Lg0m8mlc32qF8a+kOg35EZM48snr/Px7t86rSmFQuubN14PTH8qjH5YnLsD9vXXi7K7L57Z2Dg6X+zVj4yd/lXi4/O5aNH3VqNOnRe0NrVq+fNnbtm5cqjzc0H6upC5wXp1OofThzXJCd/u2rVzm1bgwMD5/r51VRXDw4OvneTj7uRqKe392Ebv2fo8cO23kc9Xb9cvKyOO/3t4ub5gZWff1W/avHBBYH1fp4Nwf61a5bmf/HVnrm+tSvDDoTOLf9mYsP6FcXesw3jP9tJsqsJyoDSRojiudShdDbGOQqmRTkJXFpgWgsQKjEeKZK9yyUe6SRPhkgzyqQ6tpcDeCJMWYWDQESMk3y3WB6NUTaUTYGoZDHPpUyLMlbYwaV856gxWpQxo4wRJJPEeLSTPFwkG8pltJM8BiS0CJPG75kXE9FO8hgxrofpDJjlD97EiOQxYjxVylnfcimPFMnNMJOK0lqYTBTjUe9ymQQQkU6yaCe5DiDTYJr/KQeXWRLOQXycSG6FmEyEtUAUfzYpFiSyx7hmSTjHdqhk8ZDVc4jaKZbtZl2z3afU+87eM3FS1Zol2TPdi2ZNb1g87/iapRVffl27YN7esHnVAd4nwoJOf7+mzmPWPl+fg8tCD/p7nfr7pIvLFrUE+NdPmNQY7HfOmNR+9bLwy/J/+835M20kGuFyOOKjc/ny5ctLly6aTaZlixd/t2HD6VOn+vv7b1y/Xl5aerKlpa219WBtbeSuXcuXLIncvfvM6dM9PT2vP+iY/LG47H/S39ff23r/RnT41ZhdV43JFzVxR5Yv/Sk95eTisCM+ns2L5zUsnZ87/vPasJCmxSE1M6YVuU/bv2pR5peTCj08DqwKq/aenfPJ5xUhQZleHrsUypUywoDSKZBQRldrrySks2eOmne4lEeKZAaUsaGMI7uMcJIlg2+5jBXJowB5IkxaUcYIkWqAiHaS7RrCZZIYj3aShYtkWpS22ut0xIjkO0aN0WJMKsoYQSpJjEc5yXgurfyuHTER7SSPBgkNQtsQxgCSSWI8ykkeI8Z1EJ0ucIlHi+TRYtxk55K/wnNpQmgtZOcSIlIQml9E4rPLaCe5FiBtMJ0CUkliPGKULAYkDFI2U8Ly+WaMkyzWSW6BmAxY2PwUL5bHAETmaNcMzHGCSJ4kJjJhVigzDFE7ANlOOWMd++mBGTPq1y63ffVV+qQJVSH+TcGBe8d9eWj1kspAn7ypk8r9vM/t2nzgq0mH5gfVhQWVzpxe8uXXP+/cctLX75i315GwoMbl8+uXzb9//nz/k8ERLkfi34/hONUzMDBw88aNlhMnzp0929/f//r16ycDA20PHjx+9OjZ4GD7w4cXf/zxxPHjP1269GRg4EMr33xULvsHetseXI/dfcbX7+S8wJZVYXXeHvWh804sD2sO8K2d6X4gLKjUY2b5zBkHg+fWLwjKnfBNqa9ncYBf6Rzvaj+fA4uDi9yn5U+fnjZjeuxXX6yU4QaE4kWIBwgNYq8bBBDCQBul+XVw/kBhpEhuQBmrncs4kTzcSZYkcGnfU8lzifBc4g4urahAj4NLC0wbQSHf3DFqjAZjUlEhK4xyku0WybQQxe8J5a9Eg7gGHcqlLFqE6yAq/W1JdlkUIDc5/wqXRoTWQGSiGI90kkVD+FAuI99yybzHZYaENUDCEJ7nMh0W/qRxYtzBpQmi1AAeK5IniokMmM1GhAx9OzBmB8Fmu08/NH9eudfs9Alf5wd4l/t47nef0Rjovz8koGjqpGIvj/0LQ46FBB0O8K0PDSibNb1w0qTakKDTgUEtnp7HQuY2hgRUTp56eMvatsu/DDx/OfDsxcCz5/wB8/+0a8UIl3+1+GufGR940t/X//jOrcvhW88EBx/z8Wn09Twwz/dgSMCRsJDmkKADvj5VnjPLg3yq/LzrAnzrggNK/L3zZ0wpDPAuDwmsCQyo9vKsmDcn32OG6etvwseOXykn9AjFWxMH4GqEznAUwrBzaR3CZYRIrkcYK8qkQpQGJGNF8t2jZIkgmYq+3bEYKZYnwCQPVrIYj3KS7RTLojDKirIGaAiFKGO2D35jnAQuTe9yqYEoC0zzOEY6yaIELln+A0c6yaJFcp5Lfod8lNNbLoXpVyd5hEieCtM8lwliPHKUg0v7nUfJokbJNQBpFapp4BGjxkSDhF7KpmMCl/z8phli0u0ZcawIjwbwjNGu6RjrmG9NEBHpEJtlr7ixTTxmB8llTp1SH+BbOtM9z88z28ujZLZHre+cxrCgCs8ZZT6zS/3nVAcHHls0//CieTVeM8s8ZpbP8dk317/F2/uH+YHNwQF13p41Xt5Hd3334MLZnocPuu/c7Lp141F7+6OHD3sf/WcHJUe4/KvFX5zLp/19fd3XLv+4YunZVUuOh4Ue8Ji138+7ecuapgDfQ3MDmpYurPSclT99yv5l8w8EB1S5Ty8LmVsS5JM+eUJJkP+BFUtKvppY7DGjNMTfNHHS92MogUuITBTjcWI8GaEyMC4VFmYhBS5RNhUWzl9HOMn0CG0Zch5m9yhZAkiahmzwjhDLEyDCMXsYKXBJ8lwmOigcwmW0k2zHqDEalDGh9jzxXS4T7VyqEdqKsHr+yqh3uFSJBC6NzpzFzmWUkyzCSWaCaSNCaSBCJZJHjBoTBeEpCG1B7He2cyk0Bxa4xN/lUh7tJDdDTJq9FFOMSB4F4BmjlWkYa7SjrxIRNojN5M+5g8RW8ZjtBJc6/rO9U6buDQvK8fUyf/1Nsa9P/ZLQve5T9vp7V8+fV+DlWeLj/cO29bUeM6pmuO8NDqwMDiz6esKp1YtOLApp8Paq9fGuX72kfmXYzfLCexV7rmfarhdnX6sqv15b3X718sCT/yDBHOHyrxZ/bS77n/QPPOltazu3esWhKVOag+ceWrYoDx9XsyDw0LLQ2hnuVROmNH232vbJ3/KnTdkfFrQv0C8Vd61aOj/ba1bW1MkVAT4Na5eaSddc9+lZAd5xkyYsd5FrEUoPkQliPFaMJ8NUOso5Fm0iRsmSEcqKMg4uw51kOpS2oMIRaYFLQOAyGcCjnWQRYnkCRFrsQ+ZIpzE7xbJIlLQgjIPLXU5vueSvbB81Wo3SJtTeuofnEnyHy0gAT0ZoC8LoQSJBLI9wkkWJ5FqISoMZ/kBRpEgWJZanSDkL/CtcqodwaUBoi/3Ye8SoMQ4udSCRIMLD/4fnkknDWIOQk8qjR8lTIdoK0/YpBXmkWOBSGPg7yeNFuBViMmDWDFEakNgqHrN1DJU2aULDgsCqBYFqGZfj610R6Fs1eWL1pEkN65Znf/F17rTpNUtCG/y8yhWf1S9ZuGeOd/pnfy/18zq5btmBv09o9PFtWBGWP+HrspnTz65fftLDp/nLKS1rFle5T2lYtehWU/3TZy9GuByJ34q/Opd9ff2P7966bEg4Ejq3bub0Wl/vumVhJe7TGpaENC0NrfKcVTxxUtXysBKPmXvneB5cElIU4GP7299LFgRXLAop8/ao8vOqWRGWMWmy5pPPdo0dt0JGaBFKB5IqsTxGLE9C3nIZK5KHj5IlI5QFZVJh4fDibieZFqXNdi5jnOS77Fwa7cs4ESKZCiL4pt5JYiJylGynSBaJkhZUGOpGOsl2OY1Ro3SqncIoJ9n2UWPUmINLeYTTmF1OMg1Imu1H0SNGySIBeTJCWe0NHSNGjfkNLlkzTOsBUiWSRzrJwp1kRphOQSg1RMSL5OGjxkRBuB6hHXcOHzUmcpRMDZBmmNaBhEqEh//PmCgA10mZNIzlX8NnoCaQtjqIF8kjxHjaaKUVEz5PtJMsXoRb7AN2NYB/Lxq9nVFmz/GsXxiU/fd/FMwLyArwyZk2pdJz1tGNq4omTtrj57MndO4ef+/9M9yPrl1e4TU7f+rkYl/P2iXzD3z+zZHQeQ2hgeUzpxVOmdS8afXx6bNbZnsdWzjvQIB30fhPW2LDWy9eeDLC5Uj8dvz1uOwf6H8yODD4fGDwxcCzFwNPnj6+e+fUypVHFs5rCA2o9vEonT2rbvXSurn+tf4+NSH+e3y9MqdNLQ8OrAnyr5g9o8Dfs8DPK23atMIAv72LQ0pmTC3wmFHoPydlwsTvCWa5jNAgwhp3tMClvRCGk2z3qDFJCGVBGRNMJ7/LpREkkwE8xkm2a9QYFUAY+eOD/Iq2WBYPkUO53CGSRaLCFZ7LnU5j1CiVOjS7/J8PuRyjBkkz5OByTCQgVyOUFWF0b7mUaSHKxnMpkkc6ySLtXAqAOsl2C1zSaojkuYwEcT0scKkS47tHjYkYJUsWk/zWUZUI3/0/YyIBXCth0jCWv0/EKFnkKJkRpK2QkJPyxzRtLgor+nbmNM4JN0N0GswYQTIJwLeIRn+Ps6ZPPq+eOqN8nn+658zUKRMLfGbvC55b7eFRPc+/xN87Y/rUPI9ZzWtX7PPyrPD22DPXp9DXK3/qtKOLFzQGB+z39azy96qcH1jl43Vi4fyWRaGNQXP2zZ65L8jvRELkvXOnR7gciX8Sw8Tly/+vvbfubutM23i/wjnTcJtCEtvBdmbegU7bNOiYSZYsW7JkMZsZJNsyy8zMzMwQM0MSM8YkMKNkSbak84dC0+m8b89a1Y5n4t/S6kq3pK3Lez+69MD93PfxsYDPPzw4kPzamU9OTgQCwcHBwb9LQvW72eXh4eHBwf7W1vbC7M7q8g6XvbW4wBno6cFhmvT1GuDQaiQ069GjCpxZAwpRbWBQqqdTgYElPXmcBzKoQsAqjEApTx4WmEJSdbSy9PXKEbBKBDTt0YNskG6CtqbH3/5OvqES9sXtN/GSF1WCr74NJr/0xgqDr96Rh47LQ749LyhHXL0bL1/Gka96v7HLu+/s0vOiMut97/Lmv7PL0A/s0vuCsts5pdAv78Z+KTfHX7FL5nklee8y8eq9txb2S7v0uqDsdUkl5ptv4/93u7ysEvnFnXh5X/KSylu7vBUvr4Rx8abHW7tM/upexJVbrEs3meeVvc8rx1y5m/hWj/cFZc9LyknX/5got8uLKt4XlP0vqMRfuZv89u9yunjDWfluwv1HdYbgEiQ0+sH9ZF2tAohhJciwCqRfhYalqz5NefasCGbcQsCUPVOtMjUqABukP1PL09NtJ6Lq9LVroAaVCONcHZ0SkF4XBduBMG4w0Gswgxfr6zW72i72dh6JT/hHIv6RiC/4v0v9nCa75El+LaTkjN8XIOxyc2NjfGy0u6Ojs71tcmJid3fnw2ihzc3NifHxnu7ujvb28bGx3d3dfz3D72eX/P3NjY2Rvte5yfPZafMl+VNF2cPhQT22lGo19QoNzUqEcZ6Bdpamej0JUwszKXikWmSkn20CylBVLYdCavFmyY8fpqmr5iKN84wMi/R0awmoXJBu8tPH0U+feP38M0lJJezz93YZdPX2m+hIuRWeUwq+ejvhy7cD7YvKHheUw6/eib/6JoPZP9nllfd2GXDlvV16nVdiXFT2/vJWwtV7Uf9kl3d/aZdX78ZcvRslN77zv2KXXpdVQq7eSbh6V15Zl3leyfuicvj/YpcXVbwvKHu8tcvQz28HXFTxPKfkdVkl8os7cV/cjXhrl8zzSiFv7PJ24EUVj3M3vC6pRHx9L+mNXaowzyt5nVeOuXJHXtQs8JKK1wVlj4vKidf/mPDlvcjL8llRZd8LKnFX7iZ9fjfq8u2gSzcdL1x3vvVtGkiviYjKUHsa+/RJJhyap6tXoqHVRMPkaaun/PwgG2xYjkFWaWvVmBiWwyGZz9RSn6hW4JG1Wuq1eto1ptBiMCj5+/tVRFQLHNKkq11vCKrDoZL//LcaEmamJH93fm57dXVtanJtamqbwznYP+Dzj/j8o8M3j38y0DO7/NRQuF1KpdKKsjIrc3O0GZKAw1pbWLS1Pj8+Fr9/trzM1soSjUSS8HgSHt/6/LlE8stP//9pl/wPHh8cOeQfHvK352fn40OHqZiWp2pNBgZNeLPiR08a4ZDnNGwFWD/n0aNyErqSjK6AGNSjTWuJ6JSffs6EGpThkeUQULGOdikNn6T6JElHo5hgVo1HZf74UyURk21sGPjnv1tfUSIr3wr94nbYlTdJ1YK+uJ34gV26n1MK/uKNXcpjDz3OK4VfvRt/9V7slTshl2/JX8O6fDPm6l15GUjv80oeF5UDrtyKv/re5ugXlZhf3oq/ei/qrTm+tct70VfuyHtqruduhFy9884umW/tMv5zeTU0Fc/zSsx/b5fvYua9LqpEfX0v7k3WNRWv80oe55X+2S5vfGCXbwbj7+xS/i73cze8LqmEf30v8atv5WdmnlPyOqcUfeVO/Od3Iq/cYl1S8bqg7H5BOfH6d/Ffvs1wfF7J98LNWHkP9PLtoEs3Hc5fd77zXcxPP5WoqebqaeWT0DGqqlkg/VoSugyim/ngQRkWmQUFp2trtlgSGkjonGeq+RBQMRaRpaFab2zwnIYrAxvkqj2rIKMrzKANIN02vFk9Gpnx1x/yoHotNOyQJWHCw2EqMaKDgu50oE2XF21zuXyh6JAvOOAfHQqEhwLhhw1sf29/Y2PzdNjl2WAcCBS/CXJ7OyI8zINOH+zvG331CgGHx8fFrvG48me3t7Y8GAxzKqWrvWNuZhYBhwexAmampn5xkt9ql4eCwyMRXyz54HHCFx0LjiWCYwlfLBGIJZsT44MUTC/JrI2ArNTTLVLTaHGyqtLUqATp1GBgxSaQiNt/KiGiK82Mi9TV8jU0Kmn40O/+lqatVWZmXGSgG/3nfxQTULFqz5I01EpRJpUoWMzdv2YbGiQa6jP+/j3xhkrIF7dD5fGSb4vYvNt7437uRtAXt+O/vBfz+R35DKP7W7t805c8r8Q4d0Nul28G2ueV39mlfIaReU6JfkFul28Gv14XlBgXlEKv3ol703NUeWeX0VfvRFx5Yz3uF5RCr9yK+/xuxAd2GfzFnfg3QaAqnueVvC8oh125nfTW5pjnlTwvKkd9fS/uizfV0JjnlTzOK0V/fifqizshV24HXFRxP3eDeVklQm6Xl2+xLqp4nFNinntvlwH/YpfyPinznFLU5dtv9Fy8yTyv7H5BOeH6d3Ffvgkk8Dx3w+e8SsyVO/KU7IGXbtpfuG5/43bU9/+oBOmWk1DB//O3JAO9fGPDwmeqOT/crzMnpDxVjXv4KA8GbqJgs777vhwBz4Eaxj78OVlDrdWGUvToWYmuXhnWNEVbLeXpk+c21DoT44IHj0vhkCIiKv+Hx+3GxsOWxAZ9nSo11SYartvFeiIqiNNYMRrhNxrFmi7KWh3u29ve5otP5M3pUHSyfSBYWvqYe8bP7BJIFJ9N/fVrPx+fwICAg4ODI4EAi0a70+kjQ0PyZ0eGhyzNzel0t53tHbFYbGVh4WRv/7y5+RcneWOXPj7DQ0PHx8d8vuBXHoIj/v7+3ury1vTY7srizsri+tT42stBXmfLQmbyYlXxYkPlVEneSFRIvx21Xk29AQapgoHz1dWz1bUacWZl2prFuprFJoapGupJqs8qMaaVpkY56qrZujoZRpA0NfUSiEEVGpasrpas+iwLbpxrAikE61ahTHINDZJVn0U+euzxww+kGyohn8vtUtn7gnLQF7eTr76Zu3xvl1fvvu1dKrmfUwr/4s6Hdun+2Q3WpZsxX9x5G8Oo5HlBmXXlVsIHMYz0C0peV2/Fv6nioOJ1Qcn9vFLoF+/s8qbPBWW3z26EXr0Tc/XNIPqNXV6+Ff9m8HuTeU6JeUkl5Is776LomeeVvC8oh1+5nfx26O11Xol5QTn6q1/aZcyVO9Ff3Am9cpt1UcXj3A3mJZWIz+/EfX7nrV3eYJ5TCv3QLj+74XVJRZ796F3vknlOKfrKO7tUYZ5Xcj+vnHjtu/ir997apZLPeZXYK3cS3tiliv25a44q95J1NOvR8CwN9WR93WSIQaras7xnz+pwqHxdndRnqplg/UKkSbm+bpUJtBACSlFXTdZQLULCyp9pVOrrl5mAs/W143++X45HVYPA5WoapXrapWbGsT/9XKSn12Jq0goFVaurNuGRBVratXDjflvqoDWtUVu73QLfSMJ1ODstVxatNFTM5KTNV5XMN9dONdQsLy8f8AVHomOB6Fj+X/6RSCAUC4QivkAo/1/+kVBwJBIIxXyBUCAUC4Ri+fTo22dFAqFYIDoWCI+P3p5EIBTzBUe/3tQ/eBweHm5ubq6d2SUgKNwupycnPRnuwUFB8rkVAh5nbWnxzhCbGhooJKK/n5/8E91cXGwsLasrK35xkq3NrYK8PC8Pj8729u3t7bVfZWOT+3p+rqFqOIzV6+//IiulIySg1d21i+7YZU1sxJo12ZrXWJFKUSY1GESFvn6+lka2nna6vk78g0fFUMMiQ4MsLY1kjWdJhrpJerq5IIMCI4NMA+24x49idXVS9HRz9HTyQLqpEL2Yx49jdXTSjCG5UMNMTbVMI4N4DXX/v/3DVuUu9hslvysq/heVPc5fp5+77nNJJfrz2/Jk5u7nrjv94RvvSyoRn98KvXLT96KS+7nrzn+4xrp8M/ztaxjnrjv94Zr3BaXQKzdDLqv4XVSin7vucu6610XlyCu3gy+r+F1Upp+77nTuuvvnKhGf3w66rOJzUYl+7roqykp7AAAgAElEQVTTH675X74ZfuVWyOWbvheVGOeuO/y/3/hdvhly5VbQZRXvC0pu5645fXYt4KJKxJVbQZdv+lxUcv3smtv5G36Xb0Z+fivwkrL3BSXXz67Rz11nXVKJ/lzeRVVy++ya22fXQz6/HX7lFuuSMvPCDbfPrrn84VrY5ZthV26xLqt4Xbjh8tk3budvBF6+GX7lJuuSstcFJec/XHP97LrfBeXwN6PsG05/+Mbt/A3W57eiPr8tP+IqP/Plm+FXbgVeUmFeuOH62TXnz65Hfnk3/PPb8s9y+ewa49yN0Ms3I950om9Y/D9fWd+4HfHwUZGBfqqmRoKhXsiTR7FPn+aC9IuMISlPnybraSXoaSfr6paYQItMwKkaz+I1nyXoaiVraeWraxYZgTL1tBLUniZoa2YZQ/KfqRfqaOWC9ZLUnkU9fpwNNig11Ksw0C41Msgz1E9VUy+CgmsRxpUaGuW6evn6OqlPnxQa6ve62rTg0M1UXIMVpdqKWuPmMNbSONvavDg0sDA0ONX2fP7FMHtxkbuyzF1Z5q6ushcXOcvL3NVV7soKZ2mRy2Zzllc4S8vclRXu6ip78TV3ZZWzvLQ8+nKho3X51Yv53u7p9uezfd3L01M8DneN9+uN/R08Ho/D5qytrZ/ZJQAo3C4nx8cZbm6BLJbcLvE4rDmV0lhfL3+2rqaGTCCwAvzla+J0V1cbS8uqil/a5e7OTm1VlQednpme/ry5uamh4V8fzc0tdcWFRT4eCSC9oL98n4BBBOtq+z94EKmlnk5EBX1/P0RTPRSsH6ijGaz6NImIDlJX93n0KACkG2QMDvjxpyhjcCgE5PHggfvTx5EkLOuJKuvJk1AoyFdXy/ZPfwmAGIbo6/n8eN9T/ak/RN/h7/9gamqEI2HeP91nPviZBdZ3vv8Q9c0t2M07DkrfOly/a/XNbfOvb9teu+eh/J2r0rf21+9afnOb8tVN22v36ErfuX1wxOn6t/R3r/n6NuWrW7bX7rgqfeuidM/++l2Lb27Tvrpl881dhvJ38iPmX90iXVWhfn2Trvyds9I9u+t3LL6+TfnqlsP1b+lK37ko3bO7dsfi61ukL286XLvnqvSt8417ttfvmH99i/rVLcfr9xjK3zkrvTli/vVt++v3GMrfOd24a3vtDu3rWxZf33K6fs9D5Y/ON+7ZXrtj/vUt869uuSj9ka78rdONuzbXbsvP43rjW+dv7th/fdvmm9u0r25afHXb+ca3dKXvnG7cs712h/rVLfOvbzlcv0tX+tbxxj2ba7cpX900//q2o9K37srfOd24Z3PtDu2rW+Zf3XK58a3bB0eoX96iK//JTfk7xxt3ba7dpn110/Kb265K39KVv3O+cc/m2m3MVWXszXsO9/4n8KeHYQio44//sP7zX3y0tSJMIN5/+z7YUC8ApOv28wOPx0+TqATf+/f91FQDwPpMLU3HP/8tDocM0tX0efLIT1sz0BTq9vfvw0C6UaaQAC0N+t9+CMGYBqirhaqpxkAMohBQxv/8NdDIMNIUGqmrHfFMLYGM9fr5Z+ajh6EQ/SRjw5A/fx9nYhSso+n98EEg2CDdzSHDkpTvRc/xcU+0IOYEeFfnZtUW5NYW5NWVllRmpdcU5NWVFtcW5lfnZNSVlVTn59bkZdcVFdSVFldlptUWFdbk55aGBOTa0kpDArJcbFOtyBluDiUJMQ3VVU31v9LUP3zU19U9b2kZHxs/W+kBAMX3LqemPN3dg4MCJRKJVCrF43E2VlYtTU1ikUgsEjU3NtIoZJa/v/wTXZycbKwsq6sqf3ESoVD4en4uLCTEztragka1sjD/tYeFJYlkQcDTMCgCxIAMN6aYIUkwY6IR2ByHpSDgRCiYjIBTMWgiBERBmlJQSIKxEc7IkEbAk02MyCZQChJBQpii9XQpaJT89URjIyoWjQHp46BGJATcDGSg+te/oKAQLASMNwKTTGEUJAJroEeCmxDhMAwEbGZogIeACBAQztAAZ2iAhxgSjQwJRoZ4MAhnaIA1NMCDQUQjQwLk/RECxJBoZEiEgPBgENbQAGtogAODiBCQ/Mgv3wUBmenpGDx5pPbD9wQI6MPz4CHvz4w1NMC8+3QICA82wL75LNDbIyCcoQEW/OZdeDAIBwZhDQ1wb/UQIIa4d+8yMiRCDAkQ0LsjWEN9/UcPDB4/xIL0//ldb86MMzQggN/+CfK/C2yANzJ8q/ADPfLL9faI/HL9s+b3fwUapI82NMBDIRRTGAFu8vQv/wPV1CCYQMkwKNHIkIbF4I3AeCMw2RRORZriDfUoKATJFIaDgPAmUBoGTYCASTATCsoMD4XgwCAaFkNBmhKgYBLClII2w4NBZDiMijIjQsEEKJiCQZFNYSQTIxoGRTY1wYMNyEhTKhpFNoZQTE1oGBTRxAgLBiGNwBo//AOtq00xhZHhxjgDPTLC1ByHscCizbEYCyKeikKYYzEWBJwFDkNDIS2IeBoWbY5BWeCxFgQ8DYUwx2HNcVgqAk4xApujUSQjMBECIsGMqRiUJYVsZf6rTf39g0TAW9KoyQkJv9cX9oz/BYXb5RqPy/L39/FirnG5+/t7SAQiODCwvbW1qry8prJybHTU0cHBxtp6bnZWJBajzMzori6D/f2/OIlUKhWLxTvb2xvr6+vra+v/jrW19TXeOo+3xuGscblrPO4al7vG4azzePJ/rHG5a/JnefJnOTwOZ31tbY37/vU8Nnvt/es5azwej8PhcTlrXG5XZ4edjU1He/viwsK7j+Bx2Gtc7hqXy+NweBzOGoezxuHw3j7W/vnI2m848q/v+vDI+NhYdnaOO4Oxurz0G9/yWz79t5zn7RH2/MLr6KjolOSU1ZWV3/XM/6dmNk9+U7jc+bk5J0fH4qKi6ampNS7nzV2Wv1J+KznsNzeUw1njcj5oFTz5ydf+tVXI/8F9c9/XuNw3b/zwZVzOGpe7zuOtcTnzs7P1dfXmVNpgX9/bNsCWP/vmsba2xuOu83jyZik/8uGz67w3L37fUN//Cbz1tX/f1N8yPjqakZYaERb2e31hz/hfULhdioTCrIwMColkZWnh4GCPQaEqKyranj+3t7FxdnCYm51NTU7GY7FUMtnR0cEECi3Iz9/Z2fm9Pv33ZWJ83MnBYWR4+PDw8GNp4HA4pSUlPt7eIpHoowiQymRb29vJSUm5OTmHh/yPokEmk+3t7THc3GpratbX1z+Wht3d3a7OTmtLq4X5+Y+lgcNm5+fmhoWEfCwBnxRAhKmPj40lJsRb0GgWNGp2Rsbi69dTk5OJcXHJiYkb6+sT4+MpSUlWFhZUMiklOWn+47W8/5OF+fnw0NDJ8TEB/6PZxDqP19zQkJSYIBaLP44CqXR7a6u0qKimqupdvXjgOTw8jImK7Ghr29rc/Fga9vf3R4aGglms1beFoIFnfW2toa42JyvrYwn4pABoE+Qaj9fZ1tba3Ly3tyeTyY4EgnUeb2Nt7Vgslslk6+vrvd3dzY2N+3t7v+/n/r5sbW11d3Ss83hi8cfp2clkssODg7nZmYH+/n+3YRQABHz++Ojo9OSk6F/KhACGSCTq7el+vbDA/3g/XUKhkL262tHWtvdrW9GA4fDgYGZ6+sXIyMcS8Enxn5Fi44wzzjjjo3Nml2ecccYZv4kzuzzjjDPO+E2cdrsUi0SrKytdnZ0V5eVlpaV1NTXdnZ2zMzMikehXi6D97kil0iOBYHpqqq21taqysrystK6mpr+3l8NmA3mVTk5ONtbXhwcHG+rry8vKKisqnjc3j756tbO9DZgGgUCwvLjY2dFRXVVVXlZWW1PT9fZeAKZBKBQuLS52d3ZWV1WVl5bWVFd1dXYuzM8fHx8DpkEmk+1sb4+PjrY0NVWUlZWXlTY1NgwPDfG4XMAEiMXiNS53oK+vvra2vKysqrKy9fnzifHxUz77/5/OqbZLPp8/+vJlZnqag50t0hQONzEmYDFOdnbRERH9vb0HBweKdsyTk5O93d3OjvbIsDAbSws0EmlqYkzEYunOztlZWePj42KxGADXPjo6WpifL8jLY3q4k/B4BAxmhjC1pNH8fHzqamu5HI6iBchksr3d3aGBgaSEeAdbW4yZmSnMBIdBO9rZhYeGDg4M7Cn+WyqVSgUCwfDQUEpSkqOdHdbMDG5ijEOjHO3s4mNjBwYG+Hy+VPHLX8fHx2s8Xm1VVVBAgDmFgoDBTGEmVBLJ0929ID//9evXALQHPp8/PTWVk5nJcHMlYLEIGAyNRFhbWLD8/Zubmng8HjA9iU+QU22Xk+Pjrk5O2lqacBMTKplEJZEoRCLSFG6gp4eEwycnJhQdTHN4cNDf22tsBDHQ10MhEVQSiUoiUYlEYyMjXW1tFyen9TXeryY8/n1ZXFiIioh4+OBnKARMwGKpJBKFRMRh0FqaGkg4PCsjA4BV8t7ubmdHhyePH6GQCDKBQCWRSAQ8Amai+vQJhUjs7+tT9Ff0+Ph4ZmrK1tpKT0db7lDye4GAwfR0dExhsOmpSaHwSKEaZDLZ7u5uXnY22BCkr6uDQ6OpJBKVTCJgMSB9PYghiOXvD0CA1/TkZHAg66cffzAxhhJxOCqJRCYSsCgzTXV1BAyWn5f70YLM/ts5vXYplUpTkpLIBEJkePj6+vrmWzbW1/t6exEw2POmJkUPRVdXVuJjorEos6bGxo2N9xrW19aSEhPJRGJ1ZcWRQKBQDTKZrLenB4/BuDg6jgwPb25svLkOGxuLC/PBgSx/X9/trS1Fu1VaSooFlRoZHv7+Omxs8LjcyYlxIh5XUV6m6BjMI4EgPzfXypyWnpb6YXtYX19vqK+HQiBZGRkAdLQ5bDYRj7O3sWmoq9v44F4sLy3l5WRTySQuh6Not2puaqIQiXRX16nJyQ/aw/rqyoqdrS3Tw4PDZitUwCfLqbbLgtxcNBLp6GA/0Nc3NTk5OTExNTk52N+fkZamp6Pd1d5+sL+vUA1cLicjNUVfRzs5MXFkaGhyYmJyYmJ6crKro4Pu6opBo3o6OwGIPezv68NjMMZGRpXl5eOjo3IZE+NjRQX5Vhbm/r6+AOwyykxPx6BQNlZWL0dGJsbHJycmJsfH+3p7khPiYVBodWWl8EixPTuh8KiyvByLRnkzPQf7+ycn3rSHgb6+mKgoDTW1qooKAELWuRyOOZUCNzFJSkgYffXq3b2ora7yYNDJRML21paivz7PW1oIWCzcxLi5sfFtexgfG31VmJ+HRJj6+nhvbW4oVMAny+m1S5lMNjU5GRIUZGttzfLzCw0OCmaxIkJDg1gshquri6Pj3Oyswgfjh4cjQ0O21tYMV9cgFis0ODiYxYoIC/Pz9nawswsNDuZxuQBcq+WlpbSUFCwK5e3pGRoUFBIYGBIUFBke5mRvz3B1rSgvP1H8QsfgwEAQK4BCJIYFB4cEBQUHBoYFBwcG+FtbmPswmS9fvFD0pMTJyfHc7GyAn6+jnV2gv39YcEgwixUeGsry93d1cnJysJ+Znla0Zctksv29vdLiYmtLS1cnJ/m9CA4MjAgLdXdzc3ZwSE5MFAqFiu7pz87OJsTFoZFIfx8fuYbQoKCIsFAHW1tXZ+fqqioAJiU+TU61XcpkslcvXyYnJjrY2uKxGCwKRSWRnOztw0NCujo6+IBs3BaJRC1NTSGBgbZWVkQcDodG00gkVyentJSU0ZcvARAgk8mOxWIOezUnK8uTwaBRyHgMhojDWVtY+DCZtdXVwCz1HAkEL0aG42Ji7G1tSHg8HoOhEIlO9nbBgYGD/f0ALPXIGezvj4+JcbC1JeHxWBSKQiQ62tlFRUR0d3UBs0AvkUgO9veqKysD/PyszM3xGAweg7GkUT3o9LycnEVAlnpEItHrhYX01FS6qwuVRMJjMCQ83tbK0s/bu7mp6SNuov+v51TbpUQi4fP5E2PjednZgX7+QQEBoUFB2RkZA319+4CIlEqlJycn+/v7ne0dqUlJwSxWMIsVFhRUXlIyNTnJPzwEZglSIpEIhcKdnZ2qivLoyIhgFis0KCgqPLynq4vL4QgB2Yl4cnLC5/Pn5+fSUpLDgoODWayw4ODM9PSpiYmdnR1g4ngkEsnh4eHLkRc5mZnyexEaFJiXnT08NLS/vw/MrlB5cqy9vb2Otrb42JhgFiskMDAiNLShrm55aUmg+IlsmUwmkUiOjo42NzeLiwqjwsPl7SEmKnKwv399be1j5V75FDjVdrm5vp6SlGSGMNXS0DA2gpjCTCCGhlqaGvp6ugw3N/bqqqLdSiQSLb5+7U6ng/T1tTU1oRCIKcwEDDLQVFc3hcHiYmP5fCAcc3Njo66mBm2G1NXWMjTQh5uYwI2NtTU1NNTU7KytmxoaFC1AJpMtzM8lJsQbG0E01dWgELApDGZkaKiprq6loeHv6zs1OaloARKJZHNjIyYqCmZirKGmBjE0NIWZGIENtbU0DUEG7gwGj8s5OVG4awsEgoG+Pgc7W5C+nr6uDtzYGAGH6+loa6qp4bHYvOxsACIleFxuWWkJHGaio6UJBhnATUxMoFAtDXUNdTVHe/v2tlZFC/hkOb12KZVKKyvK7WysvZieHR0dfX29A/39vb097e1tubk5aCSit7tb0Us962trhfn5BCw2PS21s7Ozr7d3oL+/t6enra01wN/Pxsqqq6MDgKWeVy9fujg6UsmkkqKinu7u/v7+/r6+rs7Ogvx8uotLVETE/t6eTMGuXVZa4mBny3Bz7ezoeHMdenuamhrTUlKoJFJjfb2iO1ZCobCxod7Rzi44KLCjvb33jYbejo72lOQkJBxeXVmxqfgljvX1daa7uyWNlpyY2N3V1d/fN9Df393VVV5ayvLzc3Zw2NzYUPRUcm9Pj6uTkzmFUlVZ2dvTI28PHR3thQX5NCo1PCzsI2Zp+u/mVNtlZno6DoMO8PNbX1t7d3x7e7u+ttZQX6/1eYuiM8GwV1cT4+KNIZCK8vLdD7JwsldXQ0OCsWh0Y339keKXF3p7erAoMxIe39/XJ88dJ5VIBAJBe2urk4ODr7f37u4uAIFEBCzWm8ncWF+XD72Pj485bHZpURECBqsoK1N0ZqCjo6PiwkISAR8TFfVhe9ja3CgqLNDR1srPzV3j8RSqQSaTcdhsEh5HxOHKy8rebaERCoUjw8NBAQEkAn59bU3RUxPNTU0ELJZKJo+Njsqbn0QiOTw4aGtpwaLRTA8PIPcXfVKcarvsaGtztLOzs7YuKy4eHBgYHBgYHhqqq6kJ9PdHI5EvRoYVHfO4vbVVV1NjhkAE+PrWVlcPDQ7KNRTk5TnY2Tra20+OjwMQEjwxPs70cEfAYIlxcc9bWgYHBvr7+trb2kKDgmysLJMSEgCw7NqaGgc7O3MqtaykpKe7e3BgoLenp6K8jOHqSqOQ29vaFH0dxGJxb3e3nY2Ns6NjaXHx23sxWFVR4c30RJrCu7u69hU82pDJZJubmyGBgQQsluXv31BXJ2+WnR0dSfHxjna2nh7uAMyiDg0OejDoCBgsPTW1va1V3h6et7QE+vuTCfjkxMSzrZAK4vTapUwmOz4WV1VUODs4YMzMICCQob6+qYkJBoWytrTMSEvdVvx2aYlEsrOzEx0RYUGjIeFwKBgMNjBAwEwwKBTDza22ulrRAuTwD/kvX7xwcXTEYzEwKBQCAhkZGqKRSDwGHRMVOTY6CoCGrc3NqopyKwtzFBIBBYMhIBAMCsWiUCQCvqSwEIC4aKlUKhKJCvLy7G1tUQiEMQRiqK8PN4aizZB2NjaZ6enAJL4Ui8Ury8uhQUFkIsEUZgIBgcAGBmampjg02teL2dvdDcCK08H+fl9Pj52NNRaNMjEygoBAUDAYY2aGx6CTExNmpqYULeCT5VTbpUwmPRII2CsrLY2NNpaWNDLZ29OzrqZmc3ODf3gIzEqoRCI5ODhYXHhdmJ/vaGdnQaH4MJl9PT1bm5sA9OnkyFdjd3d3u7u6wkNCrGg0B1vb9JSUudnZg4MDYHa8SSSSI4FgZWWltrqG7uJiSaX6MJlVFRXb29sCgQCYBiOVSvl8Pntltbmh0dXJyZxM9nBzq6uuXl9bAyxK4V2wxMuRF6lJSVY0mgWVGhsVNTw4uLe3B8yqtPyXY3trq721LdDf35JGc3F0zMnMXF5aOjw8BDjbyCfFqbZL/uHh8+Zmlr8/AYd79vTpk0eP9LS1cRgM08OjIC9vV/ElfU5OTrY2N/NychhubkhTU41nz54+eqSno0MhkQIDApobGxUtQA6fz58YG4sIC7Og0QwNDFSfPFF/9gxmbGxtZZWRlgbAqrRMJtva3Hze3OzNZGLRaC0NDdUnj3W1tTEolIuLc01VFQCThlKplH94WFdb6+fjg8diNdXVnz56pK2piUWjvTw9CvPzgQniORaLV5eXM9LSHOzsTKDQZ0+ePH3y2AgMplEoURERQwMDALj2wf7+yNBQEItFJZMNdHVVnzzRVFczhcHsbGxys7PnZmcVLeCT5fTapVQq7e/t9fb0tLGyDAsJiYuNjYuNTYiPjwwP92AwzKnUd/PcimN3Z6e1pcWCSmW4uUaEh8XHxck1BAcG2llbe3l4zM7MAPBjPj83FxUeTsBi/Xx8YqKj5JciLjbWne7m7OiQm50t4CvcKTra232YTAsqJTI8PC4mRi4gPDTU0d7OxdGxt7tb0R0rsVg8MjTEdHd3sLMNDQl+dy/CQ0NdnZ1pZPLgwMCB4msH7ezspKUkW1tYMNxcoyMj390LH28vJwf7sJDg/b09yYlixz0TY2PhISE4DDowwD8mOlouIDYmxp1Ot7GyzM3OPpu7VBCn2i4zUlPxGEwQi7W58T5AZGd7u7G+3sjQsKWpSdE1I9mrq4mxsXBjaE1V5d7e+1V4DpsdHhqKx2Bqq6qAWhlH0SjkFyMj8rgl+fC8p6vT1dnJx8trexOIFBskPI7l57u3uysPLZRIJBvra1Xl5UhTeFlJycG+glNsHB0V5edTSMSEuNgP28PW5mZJUZG+rm52ZiYAK8LyFBsUIrG2uvpdhbvj4+OxV6/CgoNIBDxnla34FBuNRBzWypw2Oz0tFolkMplUKhUeHXV3duKxGHcGnb26qlABnyyn2i5zs7MoRGJ4aOjW2/QzW1ubXC63tfW5iZFRe2urogOJOBx2WnKSmSm8uanxXQqcrc1N9upqTHQUmUhobmwEYJ/yQH8/hUi0MjcfHhp6L2Nrq6ery4NBZ/n772zvKNouszIyzCmUwAD/rQ+uw/LSUl11NQ6NrqqoODxQ7J7Uo6Oj8pISCyo1LSXlQw1cLreqogIMMijKz/8wwEhBcDkcCxrNgkqtqa7+8F68HBmJigg3p1LWuLxjsWIHHK3Pn5tTKLZWVlOTk+8zdW1s9HR10ShkX2+vs0AiBXF67VImk62uLIcEBZqZmmJQKHkeViwKhUWjsGiUg63NyvKyold7jo6OpiYnaBQyCoFAIRBIONwUDsOgUCgkAoMyCw0O5vP5AMxVcdjs/JwcEyMjpCncDIFAwuFmpqZ4DMYEamRvY1NTVQXAqtfoy5chgYFQMBhtZoY0NUXC4WgkEm2GhELA3kzPsdFRRV8HyckJh73q6+1lZmqKRiKRpqamMBM0Eil/2FlbczgcANrt4cFBY10djUw2NTFBIRFIOBwJh2PRaFMTEwqJmJ6aCsDK29Lr1+kpKRAQyAxhaoYwRcLhZggEDoMxNoI42tk1NTQAsLPo0+RU26VIJHr9eqGjrS03K8vLw8OTwQhisXJzsnu6u6YmJwHYKy2RSAR8/vjYWGN9fUpigi+T6enOCGaxykpK+np7gMmnIJPJREIhj8sdHhoqKSoKDw1lurv7ennFx8S0NDdPjI9vbACRrevw4OD1wkJHe3tmenqAry/T3T0oICA7I6O/v29udhaAguNSqVQsEs3Nzba1Ps/JzPDz9vZkMFh+frlZWV2dHZOTk8BECJycnGxvbY2NjlZXVcVFR3t5eDDd3aPCw6srK1+9fMlms4HJrs9eXR3o7y/IzwsNCmK6u/v7+CTGx7e3tU1OTm5tbSlawCfLqbZLOUcCAXt1dWhwcLC//9XLly9GRro7Ozvb2zc3NgCLmTjY3389Pz8yNDQ4MDD68mVfb29He/uLkREACmB8yPra2uT4+NDAwMjQ0Mz0dHdnZ39v7/LSEmAaRCLR8tLSy5ER+XUYHx1tbWkZGR4GtmQQf3Vl5cXw8GB//8sXLwYHBjrb23u6ura2toCModnZ2ZmdmRkaGBgcGJiamJBvhZyZnpZIAPruSKVSHpc7PjY2NDDwYnh4Znq6s729v69veXn5LJZIQfwH2OUvmBgfj4mIcLC1zc/NHRoc3Nj4COmqmhoaAvz8fLy8qiorJycmAMjO+6ukJiX5enmlJCX19fau8XjAlxxYXlryZDD8fXyKi4pejIwAEE70r4wMDUWEhro4ORYW5A8NDm5+pO3StdXV3p6eUeHhba3PFxdfCwCJmf8QsVgcHRnpzWQmJyV1dnQsLy2dlaD43fnPsEuJRCISCoVCoVgkmp6aSoiLNYXD9HR0XJwc29vagNFwcnIiEonkGjra2ny8vEyMoWCQQVBAwMLCAjAaJBKJWCwWCoUikej4+DgvJ8fWysrYyAiDRjU3Nip64Usmk0mlUskH12F5eTmYxSLgcAZ6ejaWlo319YoWIEcikcg1iESiVy9fRoWHm8Jh+ro6Lo6O3V1dwGiQSqXHx8dCoVAoFB4fHzc3Nbm5uMCNjfV0tDPT01eWlwHQ8GF7ODo6SktJsaTRIIaGKCQyJyMDgPbwqfEfYJcnJyc721uD/f293d1jr17yOBw+n7+9vd3d1dXe2rowPw+MBi6bMzw42NvTPfbq1dbm5sHBwfLyckdbW0dbK2AJYPZ2d6enJvt7e4YGBpYXF3d3dvb29mZmZpoaGibGxgDo0RwfH2+sr78YHu7r7fAwmfUAABnWSURBVBl79YrLZh8eHu7u7vb29DTU1QGTL1kikWxvb78YHu7t7n75YoTDZvMPDzc2Nnp7ultbml8D9dN1eHi4uLDQ39vT19MzPzu7tbm5v7/PZrNrq6qGBwe2thTeJKRS6c729sT4WH9vz8jQ0Mry8t7e3t7e3sT4eH1tbWd7G/A93P96TrVdHh4cNDU0hIWEMNzcLKhUKplka23FcHMLDgoqLixcXVnZ3dlR6F6Ok+PjrY2NrIwMVkCAq7Ozpbk5lUyys7b2cGdERUQ01NXt7e3t7uwAUANj9NWr0OAgL08Pe1sbGoVsQaO6OTsz3d1zsrJevnixs719eHio0PXQzY2NpoaGAD9fDwbdytycRibbWlkx3Nx8vLxqq6vnZme3trYUGiUu39VTXVkZGhzMcHOztrSgkkk2lpZ0V9eQ4KDC/Pz19bWd7W1FZ10Ri8VLi4upyck+XkxnRwcahUwlk50dHDwYjIS4uL6ens2Njf39fYU2ib29vcGB/sAAf6aHh521NY1CtjQ3p7u4yHe7jY2Obm9t7exsn5Jv8X8Tp9cupVJpX0+PO93N3tYmLTUlLzc3Nye7ID8/Iz09MCDAnEKZGBtT9OL47s7O86YmEh4f4OubmZGen5ebm5NTkJ+fnJjo4ujo6e7+emEBgGn12ZmZ0OAgFBIRExWZl5OTm5OTl5tbVFgU6O/v6uSUk5UFQM7N1pYWDzrdgkrNy8mRa8jPy8tIT/eg050dHHp7eo4Vn5FoeHDQzcXFzdk5PTU1Py8vNye7IC8vPTXVx4tJJhBGhocBmETe3t5OSoinksl+Pj7y65Cbk1NYUBAZHk53cQkJDDxUfDaD0VevAgP8UQjTpPj4d+2hsKAgwNfX1toqNzsbmLosnyCn2i4z0tLQZkiWv9/O9vvYiJ3t7fraWpC+Xtvz50Dku4yNhRiCaqurDg/eJwfjrK6GBAVhUChgwtR7e7rRSAQOgxl99epd6lmpVNbd2elkb+/j5bWn+HyXqcnJWBTKh8kUCgRSiUQmk0llsq2trfKSEriJCUD5LgsK8FhsXGzMhwvxW5ubRQUF2pqahXl5AISpc9hsIg6LRaNqq6vFb/d9SqWysVejwSwWEYcDIN9lU2MjFoUi4fGv5+fffVWPj0862tqwaLSnh8dHWXP7FDjVdpmbnU0hEoODAldXVzgcDofN5nA4rxcW6mtrTU1MOtoUvquHy+GkJyebmZpWV1asrrzXMDs9HREWSiOTgbHLwYEBGplEI5P7enu5nDdwudz21lZ3Oj2IxdpV/K6enKwscwrFz8eHy5VLYHM4nLnZ2crycjwWW11ZqegejfDoqLy01IJGS4iLXVleencvFubniwoKoBBwUUEBELt6uFwbSwsamVxRVvbuUnC53IH+/oiwMEtzcwB29bS1tlpQqZbmtNFXr942Bw6bzW5vbaWSyX6+vme7ehTE6bVLmUy2urISHhpqDAGrq6k9+Pn+zz/99PTxY011NSOwoYuj4+ryslTxu3qmp6asLSxA+npqz1QfPXz4VoM63MQkMjyMfwhE3OX62lp5Samhgb62lqbqkycP7t9/+OBnDXU1dbVn1pYWdTW1UonCNUxPTYWHhuhoaWlpajx6+PDB/ftPHj/SUFfT1FD3YTInxsYUvqtHIuGw2QF+fkZgQ3W1Z48fPfr5p5+ePHqkoaZmZGjo7GDP5bABKCDM5/O72jsoRKK2lqbaM9UH9+//fP++2jNVdTU1LBqdlZEBwOQMe3U1NztbV1tLW0vz6ePHD+7ff/TwgYa6uoaamp2NTUtzMzC5DT9BTrVdyoOiW5+3JMbHOzs42NvaejAYifFxzY2NszMzAEzYSSQSgUAwNTlZVVkRER7m6uxsb2vr6e6elZEhD21TtF/LEYvFG+sbI8PD2ZmZvl5ejnZ2Lk6OIYGBtTXV42NjwKzLCwSCpaWlttbWuOhououLo52dJ4ORGB/X1dkxPzcHwKShfFfP64WF5qbGhLg4uqurva0tw80tMS6uualpdmZGLBbJZAr/2ZBIJHu7exPj46UlJUEslqOdnYOdXYCfb3Fh4cjwMJfLBaJwrlDI4/EGBgbSU1O9PD0d7ezcXJzDQ0IaGxomJyaA3DLwqXGq7VImk83NzpYWF8vXNFycnNzd3AL9/TPT00eGhoDJbygWiwf7+1OTk329vNycneUaQoODy0pKZqanARAgk8mOxeJ1Hq++ri4qPNyTwXB1cnJzcWa6uyclJHR2dKwpfgQqe9vRLioo8Pfxobu4uDo5MdxcWX5+OVlZo69eAVD1Qc7k+HhBXl6Any/dxcXFyYnh6hro75+TlfVieBiwNMkH+/tdHR1JCQleHh6uTk6uzk6eDEZMZGR9Xe3K8jIAdikWiVZXV6orK8OCgz3odFcnJ7qLi5enZ2pycl9v78cK1P8UONV2yV5dTUlKcrSzY7i5RYaFRUdGhIUEe9DptlZWPl7MpcVFRQ98hEdHc7OzXp6eDra2THf38NDQ6MjI0OBgZ0cHOxubxPj4ra0tAAY+azxeRVmZOYXi4ugY6O8fHRkRGR7uw2RaUChMD/emhgYABqFTkxOJ8XEWVKoHnREWEhIdGRkSFER3cSHh8aHBwZMT44q+DhKJhMflxsXEONja0l1c5BrCQkLc6W62VlY+Xl6Li4sAJDPnHx62t7bSXV0cbG39vH2iIiJioqL8fX1traycHRzyc3NFQqGiHXN1ZaWoIJ9MILg5OwezWNGRERFhoV4eHjQy2cvT83lLy1mpcQVxeu1SKpUW5RdgUShHe/uRoaHDg30B/3Bna+vlyEhcdLSWhnpHe5uiC+fyuNzMtDQDPd2E2NipiYm93V0+n7+1udnR1uZgZ4cyQ3Z2dACQ6WOgv5+Aw0Ih4OqKSg6bLeDzD/b3FxcWMlJTSXi8n483ABkusjMzsSiUjaXl2KtReXjj1sbGYH9/cEAAxBBUVVGh6LyfQqGwuqICj8EwPdxHhoZ2d3YEfP7O9vbI0FBwYOAz1acVZWUAdKy4XK6lOQ1ubJyckLC4sCDg848EgtWVlfKSEnsbGyIev721peivT+vz50QcDgaFtjQ1rfF4Aj5/b3d3bmYmJTERCoH4eHltApJ15RPkVNtlXEwMEYdLjI87Pj6WvuX4+HhifNzMFN7UUK/ovRPLy0uRYaE4NLq3p+fk5OSNAolELBZnZ2WRiYSS4iIA5gS6OjtRCIQHnb4wPy+RSOQqTk5Odra3I8LCfL29tzY3Fd2jSYyPp5HJSfHxJ+/uhUQiFAo5bDYJjy8rKVH0eFwgEGSlp1vSaAX5+b9oD91dXcZGkJSkRADS4q6urqKQCCcH++6urndNQiKR7O/vl5eWkgkE9uqqoqcFGurrCFiMj6cnl8P5sD0cHBw4Ojgw3NyA2YL5CXKq7bK/t9fBzg4Bh7u5ugT4+fn7+fr7+boz6OY0KhIOe/XiBQDFJ543N8GMoRQyycOdEeDn6+/nG+Dn6+LkhDZDOtrbzc/NArASOjM9zfLz09XWtrW29vHykl8KHy+mpYU5hUhMSUoCYNrueXOzg52dERjs4c7w8/EJ8PPz8/Fh0N1IRAKFSOzq6FD0hIC8+ISNlSUGZUZ3c313LxhubiQCwRRmMjTQf3io8F729vZ2fEyMKQxGJhK8PD0D/PwC/Px8vL3sbG3IRKK3p6dA8SlQX7186cNkamtoONrb+3p7Bfj5+fv6ejE9LczNMWhUWkoKMEUxP0FOr13KZLKd7e2Wpuaw4BBbKyssCoWAw3BotAWVyvRwr6qs2Fb8vKFYLObxuMVFhb7eXhZUKsYMaYYwpRCJjnZ2keHhbW2tR0dHAEzt7+3tDQ4MhIWEONrbEXE4FAKBRaHMKRQnB4f0tNSJ8XFFC5DJZFwOp66mxpvpRaOQ0WZItBmSRMDbWVt5erhXVVRwFR/oJ5VIdnd2GurrWP5+5hQKFoVCIREELNbG0jLAz6+qsmJ3ZweAtLgikWh6aiojLc2DwaCRyUg43BRmQsThbKwsI8LD+vv6AJjL3t7e7u3uDg0JdnJwIOJwZghTHBptbWlBd3PNyc6enpoCMqngJ8WptkuZTHawvz/Q1xcXHe3pzggJDkpKiC8tLu7t7l6Ynz88OADg6yGRSNZ43OrKiqSE+OjICD8fHzcnp9jIyIH+fgBmLeWcHB/v7e7OTE1VlpXFRkd7eXo42duHBgbWVlUtzM8DU793fW1tfGy0s729uLAwJjrKxdHR0pzm6c4oLS7a3NgAwCPkVXM3NtZfjAyXFhfHREVa0Gg0MtmDTi8qKFjj8YAJNhSJRAvz83W1tYlxcaHBwVERERHhYelpqY0NDYAlppLJZPt7e10dHTGRkSFBQSx/fw8Gw8nePjU5eW529vR8ef/7ONV2KRaLp6emSoqKIsPDsjLSZ2amDw4OJBIJl8OJiYycnZlRtFPIi4zX1dTERkfX1dTMz822PX/OdHf3ZDDycnLmZmeAibvc3dl5OTLc1NTY2d7e091VWlzs6+2dEBtbW13d3dUJTE6mxvr6pIT4luYmqVS6sryUEBdLIuBxGLQHnT7Q1wdA6cHj4+OZqcnurq7XCwsikWjx9Wu6i4sVjUYlkVycnIqLivb29gBwzK2treiICBgUSsBi01NTV1dXtra2RCIRkB26o6OjifHxAD9fhqtrbXV1b09PSnKymampJY1WU1W1vrZ21rtUEKfaLhfm5lycnZ48fqT65MkP//geZKBfVlqys7MzPT1NwGEH+voUvSJ8eHDQ19ujqaHx5PEjkL4eFAzW1tSAgsG62tpaGhoMNzf+4SEATfPVy5cWNNqlS5f+509/uv/jj3/+0x+/+uqrmyoqf/rjH8EGBhmpqYoWIJPJUpKTLc3NkxMTj4+PXZydjAwNzSkUTwbjyaOHBCymv69X0QIEAkFORoark1N1VdXk5KSttbWWunpUeHhacrKDrS3E0LC/txeAwrkcDodKIkHBYF0trcePHj558tjXy2t6ahLI2J0XIyMMV9f7P/0IMTSEQaEaampqqqoMV1czhCkWhcrLyTkLJFIQp9cupVJpQV4emUBgengM9Pc31NfZWllZmtNysrL6e3upJNJg/4Ciqw9yOJy0lBSMmVl+Xl5EeDgUDKaSyT3d3S9evAgODKSSSJ1tbQAMydd4vPzc3L//7a9PHz/2YDBY/n4GenokHC4qIqK8tHR8dFTRAmQyWUpyko2VZWZa2vHxMQGHDQkKGuwfmJudbWyopxCJtTXVwKTYsKBSC/LyRl+9ohCJHnT68OAgj8utrqoyhkBys7OBKJzLYZOJBAc728L8/NLiYnMqRf2ZKh6LiQgL7Wht3VgHomfX3tbGcHXNz80dHBz09vQ0NTH2dHdfWFgYHx+3s7X18/XhcjiK1vBpcqrtMi05mYjDxUZHi0Ui/uFhd1dneEgI3cXF1dkZAYMNDQwoOgHq6spKfEwMFoXq7enp7+1NiIsrLS7m8/knJyeZ6elEPK6+thaAqUORULi8tFRYUOBob+/p7u7p7k7AYsOCgkZfvdrc2AAmW1dKUhIUAjGGGrFYAT/84x/xcbEb6+t8Pv/l8DABh62sKFe0jOPj4/GxMbqrq6O9vbeXFwwKtbG0LC0urigv9/HyMjaCtDQ2KrruvEwm47DZBDzO1cmpr6dna3Ozq6MjMyPD39fXyd6e6e5eVlIMQKREd2cnw9U1mBVQVlJCIhAMdHV9vZhjr16Vl5WhzJA+Xl4b6x+hIsunwKm2y6aGBjdn56SEhHc9uLHR0cjwcJixsYGu7suREUX37DY3NirLyshEQk9X18b6+uLr1zwu9+TkZH9vLyUpycbSErC9d3KaGhu9PD1NYTBjCCQ7IwPIb0VVZSWJQHj65ImhgYGGunp+Xu7Ozvbu7m5TQ4ODnW1b63OxggeAUqn06OiosqKC7uaGhMO1NTQ0nqlSiEQKiUjAYv18fDirq4rOuSmTybhcrpWFhSeDMdDX9+7g7PR0YX5+RFhYbk42APOYc7OzifFxCJgJFoVCwOFYNMrRztbf1weFRGDRqNycHACyZH2anF67lMlkm+vrpcXF1VVVB297LkKh8OWLFzFRUeZUyvzcnKJ/yUVC4dLiYmxU1MuREXnMkHx9dm5mJiM1NSY6CshKkBLJiVgkaqirM6dSDfT1K8rKAIiIfsfqykp7a2t+Tk5+dnZFaenc7MzBwT57dbWupqa4sGDx9WtgZMhkspnpqeTEBDwGo6Otra2lSSESM1NTeRwOMMW1t7e2YmOiszMyJsbH5c1PIpEcHh4e7O/v7uxsbW3KQ+gVquH4+Hhubs7b0xNmbJycmFhVXu7n46OrpWVooJ+emrKyvKTQT/+UOdV2KZVKxWLx+tra64V5ieREJpOODA+XFhU11NXt7+8BI1IikQiFwrnZmZXlJbFYLBKJnre0FObnDw70Hx0JgPPKk5O9ne352dk1Ho/L4XS0tqYlJxcXFszPzQEkQCI5Pj4+ODh4vbDA5/MF/MPRly8L8/OqAQmA/ZCN9fXX8wt8Pv/w8HCwv7+qorz9+fP93V1gohSkUqlQKDw8OFhaWlpdWZGcnOzv7jbU1pYUFQ4PDQL42ykRCASvXy/Ia5+srqxkpqWVFhUtLS6eZW9THKfaLmUy2erKSnlpaXJigkQi6Wxvd3NxwaHRrk6OcTHRwGReOTk+npqcjI6MqK+tXePxigsLEXA4EYdjuLoWFxYCIEDO/t5eUX5eXHT0yPDw+NiYJ4NhCjMhEwhBLFZXZycwGuZmZ3OzsuJjYrY2N+tqapzs7VEIhJW5eWJ8PDDBTDKZbPH1Yl52TkZaqlAobG5stLGywmMwLo6OURERQJYvbmlqSk5IaKir29zYCAsOJuJwBCyW6e5eVVEBjFttbmwU5uUlxMVNT00NDw15Mz0RcLg5lRIeGjo4MACAgE+TU22Xi69fp6emUkgkEgEv34Snr6trAoXaWFmikYjU5OTO9nYOm604AfKMRIEBAaYmJt5MZk5Wlpmp6Q/ff49Do/EYDIVEKi4qGh4c3FNw1OH21lZzYyMGZYZDo2IiIyPCQtVUVcEgAwIOi8di3en0poaGlaUlhSYA5bDZmenpSFM4CY8rLiy0srDQVFeHQaFUMgmLQkVFRLS1tip0SC6RSNZ4vNTkZAIWa0Gj1tXU0CiUJ48eQiFgcwrFBApNT03tbG/nchW7KHx0dPRiZMTJwR5jZubjxczLyXmm+lRfVwdjZkbC4y3NzSvKyqYmJhSa/GV7a6uxoR4Bg+HQ6OSEBD8fn2eqTyGGIBKBgEWhmB4e9bW1kxPjACSE/dQ41Xb5cmTEz8cHpK+vp6Pj5+31+NEjMAjEcHNl+fsZ6us52dvnZGZOT00pTsDhwcHQwICVhYWmuhoGZWZJo/3lz382NjJi+fpamZuD9PQ86PTqigpFL7lw2OzszAxdbS09HW0yHo+Aw/76l7/QXV19vbywaDTGzCwxLm7s1SuFxglMT06GBAVpqquB9PXsrK3UVJ/qamszPTx8mExDA315jNHLkRHFCTg5OVmYn/f38QHp6YJBBu50+j/+/nc9XR26qwuTwVB7+tTexiY7M2NuZkZxGmQy2cHBQX1tLRaN0tHSRCMR5hTK7Vs3aRSKD9PTytwcDAIFs1id7e0KHfqw2au52Vnqz1T1dbRpZJIRGPzTjz96urv7eXvDjaEoJCI6IqKjrfVs5/jvzqm2Sx6H01Tf4MlgQCFgWyvLxw8fenl61lRV5mRlopCI/OyckaEhheaqEolEqysrxYWFJAIeCYejkchHDx9mpKbW19T4MJkkAr66snJqclLRMTT7e3tDA/0Bfn5mCFOYMdQIbGgChbY2t+RkZDja2noyGIP9/WtcrkKXfTbW1+tra12cHA319ZBwmJ6OtpuzS2NdfUJMDB6DTk6IfzE8pNBwP4lEsr252VRf7+LoCAWDaWTy/R9/DAwIqKmqSoyLA4MMcrOzhwcHFZ1bXiQSzc7MJMTGkgkEKARsamKs+uRJbnZ2cUGBl4cHjULpaGtbfP1aoVa1v7c32N/n7ekJNzGGmxiDQQZYNLqjtS0rLc2cQmZ6ePR0dS2+XgAyZuMT4VTbpVQqPTk+7uvttbO2/vEf31vSaP19fTwut6GuztnBQT7RrujJdXmKsKKCAoyZmbampjxb2sLcXHJiQmR4+PHxsTyDlqI1nJycHB0Jg1gBOlpaZghEVUWFSCiqKi8PDggoLiw8Aeo6TE9OkvC4hz//THd1Hejv57DZSXFxPkzm8NCQRAKEhpPj4/a2VmsLiwf379vb2IyPjXHY7PLSUgc7u62tLQDag0wmk0gkYpEoLycbCgZraqhnpqXxeLzujo6I0NCYyEiRSCSRSGSKlCFvD4cHB54MhoaaGolAaKyvFwqFhfn5Ab6+NdXVJycnZws+iuBU26Wcg4ODhfn5keHh+bm5g4MDsVi8s70t3zgMmIbNjY3pqanR0dGV5eXj4+OjoyMel8tW5LTpr7K6sjI2Ojo1NbW9vS2VSrc2N1dXVoDMBXt0dDQ7M/PixYvFxcXDgwOxSMTlcJaXloBcZtnb25ufm3sxMrIwPy/g88Ui0ebm5sLCAsCNdmN9fWJiYnR0dH1tTSwW7+3tsVdXOWw2YIvjUql0aXFx9NWr2ZmZ3Z0dqVS6sb6+sry8fVarR2H8B9jlGWecccZp4MwuzzjjjDN+E2d2ecYZZ5zxmzizyzPOOOOM38SZXZ5xxhln/CbO7PKMM8444zdxZpdnnHHGGb+JM7s844wzzvhNnNnlGWecccZv4lfs8vDw8MwuzzjjjDN+wa/Y5f7+nkgoFJ9xxhlnnPEB/x8QTl3pzoI/6wAAAABJRU5ErkJgggA=" width="320" /><br />
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Although the Monte Carlo simulations produced approximately the same estimate, the authors claim that the true value in the simulations is that they strengthen the degree of certainty in the estimate. Supported by statistical analysis, the estimate produced by Monte Carlo simulations includes confidence intervals for analysts to cite when expressing confidence in the estimate.<br />
<br />
<b>Critique:</b><br />
<br />
At first glance, the nearly identical estimates between a simple analysis and Monte Carlo simulations may prompt an analyst to question whether he/she should even bother with the simulations for this scenario. However, the authors make a great argument for the value of Monte Carlo simulations by stating that the simulations increase the degree of certainty in the estimate. This is especially valuable because analytic confidence may otherwise be determined by a degree of subjective opinion.<br />
Although Monte Carlo simulations have its benefits, there are limitations. For example, Monte Carlo simulations are not suitable for intelligence tasks that are qualitative in nature since it requires quantitative data. Furthermore, analysts will need to be familiar with statistics and have access to a software program to run the simulations. Despite these limitations, Monte Carlo simulations have the capacity to improve confidence in an estimate and as such should be applied when possible. <br />
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-91395723223882168452018-11-07T21:59:00.002-05:002018-11-07T22:02:58.516-05:00Modeling for Decision Making Under Uncertainty In Energy and US Foreign PolicyPages 136-148<br />
Author: Lauren C Culver<br />August 2017<br />
Critique: Bryant C Kimball<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Summary<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Standard Monte Carlo
simulations consist of a collection of hundreds of thousands of random functions
that cycle through a given distribution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The results of these thousands of interactions is considered the
generation of potential outcomes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While historical
risk assessment forces the analyst to consider possible outcomes based off of
all the possibilities that have already happened, the Monte Carlo method combines
stochastics and simulation; cycling a random sampling of inputs into a virtual representation
of a problem over and over and over again to obtain a distribution of results.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 2017, analysts
supporting decision making at the intersection of energy and U.S. foreign
policy teamed Monte Carlo analysis with decision analysis, predictive scenario
analysis, and exploratory modeling to understand the threat of sixteen
countries’ energy demands on US foreign policy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, the experiment itself pits the four models of uncertainty
analysis against one other with the intentions of issuing a recommendation
about the most appropriate approach to uncertainty analysis for foreign
policy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPI8QiLDsledwmPX50Q0XvwQADMMTEyk83mBxUcR2hD8-IiN5Hp9BzDJv9DvI4Q6gM_dU30URrhVkMgcP-mv1vS3GKmKTrMFUiYjhnlIBiZ_-CZQ5dTtXBv5mdNyait_D-PGKDvHlB26zp/s1600/monte+carlo.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="604" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPI8QiLDsledwmPX50Q0XvwQADMMTEyk83mBxUcR2hD8-IiN5Hp9BzDJv9DvI4Q6gM_dU30URrhVkMgcP-mv1vS3GKmKTrMFUiYjhnlIBiZ_-CZQ5dTtXBv5mdNyait_D-PGKDvHlB26zp/s400/monte+carlo.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The model run time for a
single country took about 20 minutes to produce 1,000 unique input combinations
for each policy (Figure 1)), so 6 hours for all sixteen countries, not including time for
analysis.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Although run time is lengthy,
when the results are calculated there is both a clear sense of the best policy,
the one that maximizes expected net benefits, and the risk associated with it
and there are hundreds of scenarios to compare. In addition to providing the
analyst with rich results, the output of Monte Carlo analysis is intuitive by
nature and the visuals make it easy to detect the trends that lead to
analysis (Figures 2 and 3).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihbuns2VkWqsjJPfoei5ZS35MrN7rmhVaBkSVHlRj5RDpG5QKQNJXw3AipyN2Un3RT-6DE0Lzq_k6fY1QrAQH4zioA42xrwPi1IZ2h-WmDQ1bNYzmO3du0_lloIbG77-IUfV_EhIehfmB5/s1600/Impact+Monte+Carlo.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="665" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihbuns2VkWqsjJPfoei5ZS35MrN7rmhVaBkSVHlRj5RDpG5QKQNJXw3AipyN2Un3RT-6DE0Lzq_k6fY1QrAQH4zioA42xrwPi1IZ2h-WmDQ1bNYzmO3du0_lloIbG77-IUfV_EhIehfmB5/s320/Impact+Monte+Carlo.PNG" width="317" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 2<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKd1scQylseQuJomZl4izAxIpMXUWiLyGC0S1Bjm1S7JgQhxI-v_UX_J-vfhqvO1-pbHwgH5lGezOzXlw6FbWTghbu35oj0dEA66QDvcyJX3TOIj73v_3TyOvUImdTUll9YtsMtPdUZmFr/s1600/electricity+generation+mix.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="836" data-original-width="661" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKd1scQylseQuJomZl4izAxIpMXUWiLyGC0S1Bjm1S7JgQhxI-v_UX_J-vfhqvO1-pbHwgH5lGezOzXlw6FbWTghbu35oj0dEA66QDvcyJX3TOIj73v_3TyOvUImdTUll9YtsMtPdUZmFr/s320/electricity+generation+mix.PNG" width="253" /></a></div>
Figure 3</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The simulation produced a series of outcomes for each country as well as policies to match (Figure 4). The researcher found that
the results of the Monte Carlo analysis correctly convey the policy and that one
policy will not always be beneficial. It requires additional, time-consuming
analysis by the analyst to more specifically identify the input set that drives
net benefits of a particular policy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVeTkrLLGgKAqMQt1YmKPFwTTXh8ObHIaYETy7vmhh8L1np9E9ISPAOXUgoqFUrlKGUQ3oTEPlMR8s1yTh36v8aNXPJ5tCqxBiiuGU0TUakQWZB_ZErov_bK3r6jAPpkj2O-85cNboEW12/s1600/Monte.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="619" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVeTkrLLGgKAqMQt1YmKPFwTTXh8ObHIaYETy7vmhh8L1np9E9ISPAOXUgoqFUrlKGUQ3oTEPlMR8s1yTh36v8aNXPJ5tCqxBiiuGU0TUakQWZB_ZErov_bK3r6jAPpkj2O-85cNboEW12/s400/Monte.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 4</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Critique<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Essentially, Monte Carlo
simulations can present an analyst with a distribution of outcomes for a given
situation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> This research serves as evidence that Monte Carlo simulations can help reduce uncertainty as well as issue recommendations based on specific outcomes across a distribution. </span>This validated tool clearly
reduces uncertainty by allowing the analyst to easily deconstruct the potential
outcomes. Even more so in intelligence analysis that forces the analyst to
discriminate between numeric ranges of likelihood, Monte Carlo as a tool, can
help add to an analyst’s judgment by either validating or helping guide the
analyst to the most accurate WEP.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What this particular
model does an even better job of depicting is that no one methodology is
holistic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each uncertainty model relies
on the others to complete the picture. This holds true with all the methodologies
we’ve studied thus far, and highlights the importance of building a toolkit
with a wide range of methods and modifiers to use when deemed relevant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">https://ngi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Culver_dis%5B1%5D.pdf</span></span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11402199214046211213noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-15018165992444818012018-11-06T10:48:00.003-05:002018-11-06T10:51:34.536-05:00Summary of Findings: Social Network Analysis (3.5 out of 5 Stars)<i style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Note:
This post represents the synthesis of the thoughts, procedures and experiences
of others as represented in the articles read in advance (see previous posts)
and the discussion among the students and instructor during the Advanced
Analytic Techniques class at Mercyhurst University in November 2018 regarding
Social Network Analysis as an Analytic Technique, specifically. This technique
was evaluated based on its overall validity, simplicity, flexibility and its
ability to effectively use unstructured data.</span></i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Description:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Social
Network Analysis (SNA) is a method for analyzing social structures based on
connections/relationships (links) between individuals (nodes). It is applicable
to a wide variety of disciplines, demonstrating its flexibility. With a robust
data set, the visual outcome can be exceptionally detailed. Regarding the
data-- SNA requires structured data, and expertise in manipulating that data
accurately. While a moderate level of knowledge and expertise is necessary to
properly execute this method, getting there is fairly simple. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Strengths:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Provides a holistic picture of a network<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maps
the spread of ideas<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Determines
who the most influential individual(s) in a network is<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Provides
an alternative view where attributes of individuals are less important
than their relationship ties<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can
help analysts identify the most powerful nodes in a network<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can
be used to simulate how information ripples through a network<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can
be used to identify intelligence gaps<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Weaknesses:</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-top: 5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Defining
relationships and understanding what that relationship means is difficult</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Visualization does not always tell a clear story, making
it difficult to communicate to a DM</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">SNA for ambiguous organizations may cause confirmation
bias</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Constructing a matrix can be time consuming</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Matrix attributes can be subjective and often biased</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">This tool can only be used in some situations, not all
cases are applicable for social network analysis</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">How-To:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Exploring
the full scope of social network analysis and how to do it properly was beyond
the scope of this assignment. Therefore, a simplified form of the process
was developed that would allow participants in the exercise to experience some
of the challenges as well as the benefits of performing a social network
analysis. The “rules” of this simplified process are below:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Write
out the names of the last 10 people you exchanged text messages with</span></li>
<ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;">Exclude group chats</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pick
one person to write the names of those 10 people around his/her own name
on a sheet of paper or whiteboard, with ample space to draw connections
between names.</span></li>
<ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;">The first person is to then connect his/her own name to all those
in his/her own network.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;">The first person will then connect those in his/her network to
each other based on whether they know each other. </li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
second and third participants draw out their own networks repeating steps
1 and 2</span></li>
<ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;">Important: any repeat names within each other’s network can pose a
problem. We recommend omitting repeat names if a person is already listed in
another participant’s network. The connections will ultimately be made in step
4.</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Connect
participants’ networks to each others based on whether they know each
other. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With
all people listed in the network, build a matrix of network connections. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Build
a frequency table to determine who in the network has the most
connections. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The participant with the most connections is the most involved in
the social network. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Application of Technique: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The
Advanced Analytic Techniques (AAT) class was presented the following scenario
to conduct a social network analysis: A transfer student was new to the program
and on the first day sat at a table with 3 classmates. The task for the
activity was to determine which of the classmates at the table had the most
connections to others in the class’s network. For the instructions the AAT
class was given to complete the task, see the “How-To” section. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/HQ0erqv004FWlaNOzOVvUQikmJ5CDxVrRp85HjAOXxhFUXkc_G9uWN7Q4ebPWXRNW_2vv1Kts9eesJ3FzCQz_tz7CbbHTf0ISpnZiob03VvcNXSnj7TxWzpTbCN3ynKgtdG35oq-" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/HQ0erqv004FWlaNOzOVvUQikmJ5CDxVrRp85HjAOXxhFUXkc_G9uWN7Q4ebPWXRNW_2vv1Kts9eesJ3FzCQz_tz7CbbHTf0ISpnZiob03VvcNXSnj7TxWzpTbCN3ynKgtdG35oq-" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="344" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Individual Networks<br />
<br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-cadf57b4-7fff-6936-65b2-481b93a28a0f"><span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="252" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/eGNMTVnk8b_GEflPEyJptTeGOg1kdeDPhl-5JBuc71UW-3xaaxg1OT6mjIECS8b78wzUvhpYFRV_v5v4lk7DH2scuolybxIXYG8nd0loiv-uH4v3o7PUAqd97LlP4VKGCcvRbOYv" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="336" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Connecting individual networks to each other</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="283" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ytGQZoQNep64V6zOk1L3E7LwPIF5_113bovoGeUiOvO9JG1n8tBhQpKnySwTfX4VSFvmFlore4TaKGMbUopQ1Z-LPARxQjqhpv6-sQ5RpiUgmCRbV-Xdhp5CmJ9FrsumTaZlA5ik" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Matrix based on relationships</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span id="docs-internal-guid-e89bbc14-7fff-2d51-56e3-f86f07d40b8f"><span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="255" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/MJvCzJn2CGLLNrFJMmdncggamQwfqS0sJzbl4JZ59wsMGtxevxqGjbitc0GlNXr527pT3k_3xvCSQZxlK1qT91gLbgR6k9dOByVU4p9pF7FOhxLik3K2MktXmFReJBxp6yX-jjKl" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 4. Frequency Table<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">
<o:p></o:p></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
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</tbody></table>
<br /><div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-de49619a-7fff-dbe3-600b-77081814c040"><span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">For Further Information:</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="font-size: 12.8px;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/491572/socnet_howto.pdf">Social Network Analysis:</a> </span></span></span><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/491572/socnet_howto.pdf" style="font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘How to guide’</span></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://mattkushin.com/2015/11/30/176410868/">Social Network Analysis</a> </span></span></span><a href="http://mattkushin.com/2015/11/30/176410868/" style="font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Activity and Explanation</span></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://courses.washington.edu/ir2010/readings/butts.pdf">Social Network Analysis: A</a> </span></span></span><a href="http://courses.washington.edu/ir2010/readings/butts.pdf" style="font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Methodological Introduction</span></span></a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16984854216767529036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-8284960690608566262018-11-04T12:52:00.001-05:002018-11-04T12:52:22.255-05:00<b>Social Network Analysis in the Study of Terrorism and Insurgency: From Organization to Politics</b><br />
Steven T. Zech and Michael Gabbay<br />
Summary and critique by Jillian J<br />
<br />
Zech and Gabbay conclude that social network analysis (SNA) has made significant contributions to understanding militant operations, particularly regarding the merits and implications of "centralized and decentralized structures, the relationship between efficiency and security, the network signatures of key individuals, and the factors that shape network structure." They go on to criticize the lack of alignment between theoretical and empirical studies about SNA, calling for better integration of network concepts and more precise data and a focus on temporal factors.<br />
<br />
Their study "applies network analysis to intrinsically political questions, entailing a focus on group-level nodes engaged in the same conflict." They focus on militant fragmentation, specifically infighting, outbidding, alliance formation, and group constituencies. They discuss how the similarities in terminology highlight a hybrid nature of fragmented militant groups wherein aspects of international systems blend with political party competition e.g. rival constituents or winning a "state".<br />
<br />
The authors aim to enhance the understanding of fragmented civil wars and insurgencies. The charts below shows their connections and findings from other papers and cases.<br />
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Critique<br />
Zech and Gabbay's analysis was insightful and organized. I think they did a good job of pulling specific analytical claims from each case to support what could have easily been a long-winded analogy. I do wonder if it's a situation similar to the saying, "when you have a hammer, everything looks like a nail." Even so, the points they assert through the organized charts are useful in understanding SNA in terrorism and insurgency cases. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08823456518849697235noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-58358398212221204302018-11-03T15:22:00.002-04:002018-11-04T11:37:32.057-05:00The Social Network of Hackers<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Authors: </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "timesnewromanps"; font-size: small;">David Décary-Hétu, Benoit Dupont</span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "timesnewromanps"; font-size: small;">Institution: University of Montreal</span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "timesnewromanps"; font-size: small;">Journal: <i>Global Crime</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "timesnewromanps"; font-size: small;">Date: August 2012</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><u>Summary:</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The
premise of the article is to assess the value of social network analysis in
criminal investigations especially as it has to do with hackers and cybercriminals.
Canadian law enforcement provided the authors raw data from the criminal
investigation of a group of hackers operating botnets for commercial gain. The
authors used the raw conversation logs from the arrested hackers’ computers to
conduct the analysis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The
authors begin the article by explaining the value of social network analysis in
criminal investigations. The authors state that in comparison to criminal
organizations of the 1970’s, today’s criminal enterprises bear little
resemblance in form and function. Modern organizations are more resilient and
robust whereby removing important members from the network doesn’t necessarily destabilize
the rest of the network. Since important members may not destabilize operations,
understanding the entirety of the network becomes a relevant and necessary task.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In the
modern age of information gathering, intelligence and law enforcement have an
increased number of tools they can use to generate and process information
about networks. The authors believe that social network analysis is suitable to
process large sets of structured and unstructured data to better understand opaque
networks seen commonly in criminal organizations but also potentially in more
unformal organizations like those seen online. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The data
provided by Canadian police included 4714 messages between individuals in the
hacking network under investigation. The authors identified 771 individuals
including the 10 arrested hackers in the network. The authors decided to focus
the analysis on 38 individuals: the 10 arrested hackers and 28 other Persons of
Interest. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The authors
examined conversations between the hackers and the POI’s to determine the
centrality and power of the individuals in the network. The authors assess centrality
through looking at ingoing and outgoing messages between individuals in the
network. The pattern that is revealed is an indicator of status or prestige in
the network. Additionally, the authors assessed centrality using “flow betweenness
centrality” which posits that the more often an individual is located between
other individuals, the more important they are in the control and flow of information
within the network. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The
authors recognized some significant limitations in their study, specifically
that they may not have a full record of conversations between individuals in
the network. Additionally, the conversation records were only between hackers or
hackers and POI’s. The authors did not have conversation records between POI’s.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizJNqpZG-qwo_EyGejlHkXgPDoeHNb5ijBjDPdxGDXf2rexFiCDwPECdHuVcbVtSlzL5M2YsRkz94JPmhJchH4EY6QZUF0i6098Vo6CN7SXcZr0cpHUXaqtDW10BtZls8jjh4DtE6vqIU/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-11-03+at+11.55.13+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizJNqpZG-qwo_EyGejlHkXgPDoeHNb5ijBjDPdxGDXf2rexFiCDwPECdHuVcbVtSlzL5M2YsRkz94JPmhJchH4EY6QZUF0i6098Vo6CN7SXcZr0cpHUXaqtDW10BtZls8jjh4DtE6vqIU/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-11-03+at+11.55.13+AM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. The social network of the arrested hackers, shown in red, and Persons of Interest (POI's), shown in blue. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The authors built a social network using the data, which is shown above. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
The authors state:<o:p></o:p><br />
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
“<span style="color: #211e1e;">In Figure 3, the
squares represent the arrested hackers and the circles represent POI. A few
nodes stand out in this graphic. N505 (bottom right) looks isolated from the
network and even more so from the other arrested hackers. Although some
arrested hackers seem to have many contacts (N2 and N29), others have very few
ties (N73 and N505). Moreover, some POI – such as N217 – seem to have a more
central position in the network than some of the arrested hackers. This
suggests that some important players might have been ignored while some
‘fringe’ people were arrested.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
Initial conclusions derived from the pattern of conversations suggested that
the network was broken into groups of highly connected, mildly connected, and
disconnected hackers. Overall the network was not very cohesive or connected,
shown by an overall low number of messages between 2004 and 2008. Based on
their analysis of the pattern of conversations, the authors believe the arrested
hackers were less involved in the group based on their connectedness. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
The arrested hackers were also more connected with POI’s than other hackers,
which the authors believe is indicate of either the network was tightly organized
or whether part of the network was overlooked. The premise of the second
hypothesis is that some of the POI’s may be more important to the network than
the hackers that were arrested. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
The authors ranked individuals in the network using degree centrality
coefficients. Of the top 10 individuals, 8 were arrested. The other 2 ranked
poorly. Using flow betweenness centrality, which helps to identify information brokers
in the network, the authors identified that the top 7 individuals were among
the arrested hackers, suggesting that the police targeted individuals who
control the information in the network. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
In contrast the authors found that while the hackers acted as brokers of
information, they were not necessarily the most powerful actors in the network.
POI’s were assessed to have more power in the network. The authors state “this
indicates…[hackers] are not positioned so efficiently in the network as to be indispensable.
The actors they are tied to usually have other alternatives to get information
they need…” The authors conclude this section by suggesting that the social
network of these actors resembles an association between individuals rather
than an organization.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
By targeting the information brokers, the arrested hackers, the police were
able to disrupt the network, was borne out by the social network analysis. Being
brokers meant that the hackers were more visible in the network, increasing
their chance of arrest. While the authors found that these individuals were
most central, they were not the most powerful. Again, the POI’s were shown to
be more powerful within the network. Even though the POI’s were assumed to be
periphery in the network and overlooked, the analysis revealed that a select
number of POI’s may have been more important in the network because of their
power rather than their centrality or visibility. <o:p></o:p><br />
The authors conclude the piece by suggesting that the police need to have an
intimate knowledge of how hacking communities function to determine how is
relevant in the network beyond their visibility. The authors further recommend that
the police should monitor the powerful individuals in the network, the POI’s,
to detect how the network rebuilds after the arrest. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<u><b>Critique:</b><o:p></o:p></u><br />
Given the data available, the authors were able to identify individuals in
the network that may have been of more importance than the hackers that were
arrested. I believe that this highlights an advantage to social network
analysis when investigating opaque networks. Given that the most visible or
connected individuals in the network may not be the most powerful, the police
may have overlooked key individuals based on their intuitive judgement of the
evidence. The authors state that after the arrest of 6 of the 10 hackers, the fragmentation
increased exponentially. After the 6<sup>th</sup> arrest, subsequent arrests
had much more limited effects on the network fragmentation. This could have
been the result of misidentifying key players in the network. By suggesting
this, the authors indicate that one of the neglected POI’s may have been more
worthwhile in investigating further prior to making the arrests in order to destabilize
the network. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
At the same time the authors highlight the key problem and limitation which
is the availability and abundance of the data. The authors had the cooperation
of the investigation authorities who provided the data, which enhances the
efficacy of the study. At the same time, the authors believe that if they had
more information that would have resulted from a deeper investigation of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the POI’s, they might have been able to draw additional
conclusions as to the importance and relevance of the POI’s. <o:p></o:p><br />
Overall, social network analysis was able to gather impressive insights
using the limited data, showing its relevance in understanding networks with a
limited amount of information. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
Link 1: <span style="font-size: 12pt;">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241711312_The_social_network_of_hackers</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Link 2: </span>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17440572.2012.702523Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16984854216767529036noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-76667516865353611732018-11-03T12:49:00.000-04:002018-11-03T12:49:04.280-04:00Social Network Analysis of an Urban Street Gang Using Police Intelligence Data<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Social Network Analysis of an Urban Street Gang Using Police Intelligence Data<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Authors: Daniel Gunnell, Joseph Hillier, Laura Blakeborough <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Summary & Critique by: Billy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The authors of this paper employed social network analysis as a way of better understanding how gangs operate and assist police in allocating their resources. The researchers developed two research </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">questions (Gunnell et al., 2016):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> 1.. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">What can social network analysis tell us about gangs?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> 2. How useful are the social network analysis outputs for the police?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The network began with 5 individuals who were known by police to be gang affiliated. The researchers followed the following steps to construct their social network (Gunnell et al., 2016):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> 1. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Researchers collected police intelligence data on the 5 gang-affiliated individuals dating back 6 months. These individuals were the “primary individuals” for this research.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> 2. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Any secondary individuals mentioned within the data were identified<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> 3. </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Relationships between primary and secondary individuals were coded<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> 4. </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Researchers collected police intelligence data on secondary individuals dating back 6 months. This data was then coded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> 5. </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Other individuals that were mentioned in data were identified<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> 6. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Relationships between the “other” individuals and secondary individuals were coded<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The relationships were coded based on a framework that recorded charged or suspected criminal relationships, non-explicit criminal relationships and the nature of the relationship (Gunnell et al., 2016).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">According to the authors, the analysis produced a network of 137 individual nodes that included a previously unknown link between two gangs. Although not all of the individuals within the social network analysis are gang members/criminals, it provides police with knowledge of those who may be at future risk of gang activity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The individuals circled in red are the original five members who are known gang members (Gunnell et al., 2016).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Critique:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I agree with the authors when they state that social network analysis can provide a solid framework of understanding a groups structure when little is previously known. They also state that it can remove bias in constructing a network because little experience related to the targeted group is required to populate the data. From the framework of anonymous nodes constructed by the authors, it is easy to see how analysts can build a very detailed network by including photographs, personal data, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Gunnell, D. Hillier, J., Blakenborough, L. (2016). Social Network Analysis of an Urban Street Gang Using Police Intelligence Data. Research Report 89. Retrieved from <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/491578/horr89.pdf">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/491578/horr89.pdf</a><b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
Billyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06487523879076220276noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-38823272323448310392018-10-30T10:46:00.001-04:002018-10-30T10:46:59.611-04:00Summary of Findings: Speed Reading (3 out of 5 Stars)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<i style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Note:
This post represents the synthesis of the thoughts, procedures and experiences
of others as represented in the articles read in advance (see previous posts)
and the discussion among the students and instructor during the Advanced
Analytic Techniques class at Mercyhurst University in October 2018 regarding
Speed Reading as an Analytic Technique, specifically. This technique was
evaluated based on its overall validity, simplicity, flexibility and its
ability to effectively use unstructured data.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Description:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Speed
reading is “a set of active, mindful and conscious strategies that allow
a person to speed up what they are reading”. Methods for improving/teaching
speed reading include skimming, scanning, satisficing, the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Evelyn-Seven-Day-Reading-Learning-Program/dp/1566194024"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Evelyn Wood Method</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, RSVP, track and pace
method, pointer method, etc., all of which are designed to help you read
faster. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strengths:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Increases
the speed at which you read (e.g., number of words per minute).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Helps
the reader to identify important parts of the text more quickly.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Weaknesses:</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Reading comprehension is often adversely affected by
speed reading. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Readers are likely to skip over details that may affect
the analysis of the text.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Effectiveness of speed reading is contingent upon the
difficulty of the material. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">For example, scientific journal articles, government
publications, and online news articles all vary in reading-level
difficulty because they are written with different styles and for
different audiences. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How-To:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are
a number of speed reading techniques that have been proven to increase reading
rates to some degree. The three techniques employed in class included:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An
eye-scanning training exercise (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHqnBluAExM"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Youtube</span></a>), <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Placing
a notecard above the line one is currently reading forcing the reader to
continue to move eyes down the page, and finally, <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
meta-guiding technique where the reader traced the current word using a
pen in order to guide the eye </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">to move faster along the text, avoiding
fixating on a single word or phrase.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Application of Technique: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The class
conducted an exercise to test two speed reading methods. Students first
assessed how many words were in the first five lines of our reading material.
As an initial exercise, students read their reading material for 1 minute,
marking start and ending points. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Following
the initial exercise, students were shown a </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHqnBluAExM"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Youtube</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> video to warm-up and prepare their eyes for
using our chosen techniques. The video showed an object, in this case a pumpkin,
move to different points on the screen over the course of a 1.5 minute period.
Students were required to follow the object with their eyes, without moving
their heads as the object moved. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The first
technique applied was the Card method. Students took an index card and placed
it above the words/sentences being read. As students completed each sentence,
they would move the card down the page. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
second technique applied was the Pointer method. Using this method, students
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The aim of the technique is for the student to follow the tip of the pen/pencil
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In each
method, students were advised to try and increase reading speed over the course
of the allotted 1 minute time frame for the exercises. At the end of each
exercise, they noted how many lines they were able to read. Additionally,
students were advised to focus on their speed, as opposed to the comprehension
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At the
conclusion of the exercises, students assessed how many lines and words they
read during the initial exercise reading normally, reading using the Card
method, and then reading using the Pointer method. On average, students read
faster with the Card and Pointer methods in compared to the initial exercise
where they read normally. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
Further Information:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/staff/mxh/Papers/Dyson%20&%20Haselgrove%20(2000).pdf"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">The effects of reading speed
and reading patterns on understanding of text read from screens </span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/speedreader11/videos"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Speedreader11 Youtube channel</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1529100615623267"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">So Much to Read, So Little
Time</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1529100615623268"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">Speed Reading: You Can’t
Always Get What You Want, but Can You Sometimes Get What You Need?</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16984854216767529036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-82480420645797641542018-10-26T23:15:00.004-04:002018-10-26T23:15:44.215-04:00Reading Speed Improvement in a Speed Reading Course and Its Effect on Language Memory Span
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
By Thi Ngoc Yen Tran, Vinh University, Vietnam &<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Paul Nation, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(2014)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Summary: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This paper examines the relationships between English as a
foreign<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
language (EFL) reading speed, reading comprehension, and
memory span by looking at the comprehension scores and language memory span
results. Reading speed is generally thought to be associated with reading
comprehension, however experts are still arguing if this is true or not.
Nicholson and Tan argue that poor readers benefit from rapid decoding training
and suggested that, in children’s first language, oral reading, speed increases
facilitate comprehension. However, research found that speed and comprehension
are not competing components in second languages performance. Speed and
comprehension have a supporting relationship by speed promoting accuracy in
comprehension and accuracy is one of the indicators of fluency development. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For their study the authors used the book “Asian and Pacific
Speed Readings for ESL Learners” by Millett, Quinn and Nation, an adapted
version of Quinn and Nation, was used for the speed-reading course. They used
116 first-year students at a university in Vietnam. These students were then
split into four groups, A, B, C, and D. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The participants in Groups A, B and C were
English majors at the university. The participants in Group D were non-English
majors. The students were required to take a vocabulary test to qualify for the
study. All groups also took a pre- test on reading other types of texts and
memory span. Following that Group A and B took both the speed-reading course
and the usual English program. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLowAB_zl4wk-dYzaMG-Jv3zNQSWO_nIJoRgPBCanSJJw6Zk1RmwebiZFIb2KlIeh0J9-fhi7ArHt91Qc7XMTN78DY37YZPyQ3pa-LlcchlL-Uw4AVaPipjpAGYt-W6BOcdhoXmVi2p0Q/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-10-26+at+10.47.43+PM.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLowAB_zl4wk-dYzaMG-Jv3zNQSWO_nIJoRgPBCanSJJw6Zk1RmwebiZFIb2KlIeh0J9-fhi7ArHt91Qc7XMTN78DY37YZPyQ3pa-LlcchlL-Uw4AVaPipjpAGYt-W6BOcdhoXmVi2p0Q/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-10-26+at+10.47.43+PM.png" width="400" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Their findings showed that both Group A and B made average
increases of at least 50 wpm after the speed-reading course. The authors found
that 62% of the participants increased their comprehension level, 20% of them
kept their comprehension at the same level and only 17% had their comprehension
scores decrease. The table below shows the break down of percentages based on
groups. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbWaHdU-xvdIb1q4jgWPRvmDpYsbuMZcyLBLLZIgKeHYXAt6nCnxI4i3eg_cd97iN2C9Q9dJ4KeJRsyFzq26WIrj8dYMkTY2zFCfl0Nkrjg8ASIvl3JqOfKeRbeb_80r6Ec6FnDQQews0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-10-26+at+10.53.35+PM.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="66" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbWaHdU-xvdIb1q4jgWPRvmDpYsbuMZcyLBLLZIgKeHYXAt6nCnxI4i3eg_cd97iN2C9Q9dJ4KeJRsyFzq26WIrj8dYMkTY2zFCfl0Nkrjg8ASIvl3JqOfKeRbeb_80r6Ec6FnDQQews0/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-10-26+at+10.53.35+PM.png" width="400" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Memory span was improved in all groups between pre and post
tests. There was a slightly larger increase in the groups that had done the
speed-reading course, however increase was not significant enough to draw a
conclusion. The data did show that the larger the speed increased throughout
the course and on other types of reading, the greater the improvement in memory
span.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Critique:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I think the authors did a nice job at setting up this study.
They were very detail oriented and measured their findings in several ways to
confirm the findings. They also were able to sort of measure the human error on
this topic. I think it would have been interesting to expand the study to
people who’s first language is English to see if there is a significant
increase in memory span. Also, comparing the effects of speed-reading between
people who’s first language is English to second language would be interesting to
see if there is a larger increase in words per minute. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Link:<a href="http://e-flt.nus.edu.sg/v11n12014/tran.pdf">http://e-flt.nus.edu.sg/v11n12014/tran.pdf</a></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16948896274088398371noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-41078270827364186212018-10-26T19:42:00.003-04:002018-10-26T19:42:43.320-04:00Satisficing: A Skimming Technique for Identifying Important Information Quickly<div>
Duggan, G. B., & Payne, S. J. (2009). Text Skimming: The Process and Effectiveness of Foraging Through Text Under Time Pressure. <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology, 15</i>(3), 228-242.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Summary:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The purpose of the study at hand is to determine whether readers that skim through longer texts effectively allocate their limited time for identifying important information. Of the different skimming techniques that have been developed, Duggan and Payne identified satisficing as the skimming strategy of interest for their study. Satisficing is an information-foraging technique in which a reader moves on to the next paragraph or section once the reader perceives him or herself to have gathered sufficient information. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Duggan and Payne conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of stratisficing as a skimming technique to find important information in a long text. The experiment examined two groups: the skim condition and the half-text condition. The skim condition group was told that they won't have enough time to read all of the text and to allocate and prioritize time accordingly. The half-text condition group was instructed to read at a normal pace, however one half of the text was missing (the first or second half). The research design allows for studying of two types of readers: those that skim to finish a full document and those who read at a normal pace and subsequently only get through half of the document. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The authors hypothesized that memory for meaning would be greater when skimming compared to those who read half the text at a normal pace. The results supported the hypothesis that readers correctly recognized more of the important sentences after skimming than reading half texts and retained more information about the structure of the text. However, it is important to note that skimming did not improve understanding of unimportant sentences or inferences about the information. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Duggan and Payne go on to suggest that readers under time pressures can achieve improved understanding of the main elements of the text by satisficing. The satisficing technique is particularly effective under time constraints because it mediates the common problem that "pages and documents suffer from diminishing returns in terms of rate of gain of valuable information". The phenomenon of diminishing returns occurs because there is a degree of redundancy of information in longer texts and writers typically organize important information by separating them into different paragraphs and sections. Thus, the longer a reader remains in a single paragraph or section, the more redundant and less valuable the single paragraph or section generally becomes. In this way, the authors support the use of satisficing when reading under time constraints to find the most important information. However, the authors do point out that satisficing does not aid memory of less important details and does not facilitate the inferences about information from the text. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Critique:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The authors of this article make a compelling argument for the use of satisficing as a skimming technique to find important information in a long text. If under time constraints as an analysts, this can certainly be a useful technique for finding the most important information in the fastest way possible. However, my main concern with the use of satisficing lies with the authors' findings that satisficing did not facilitate the inferences about information from the text. In other words, this means that readers can reliably identify what is important, but why the information is important and how it fits into the bigger context remains out of the readers' comprehension. The bigger picture and the inferences about the information is arguably the most important part of the analyst's job and without good inference the quality of analysis suffers. As a result, I believe analysts are justified in using satisficing under time constraints, but should appropriately account for satisficing by reducing analytic confidence in their estimates. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-52476740402139584452018-10-24T19:11:00.000-04:002018-10-24T19:11:29.506-04:00Reading Faster<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Author: Nation, Paul</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Date: 2009</b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Summary</b>:<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Paul Nation, a Professor in Applied Linguistics, wrote this article to describe reading processes as it pertains to reading speed. He also discusses ways in which an individual can increase their reading speed (including orally), and fluency development and activities. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The author begins with the nature and the limits of reading speed. Three types of action are involved when people read, fixations on particular words, jumping to the next word to focus on, and regression or going back and re-reading a word or a phrase. Research on eye movement while reading has determined that, a skilled reader at 250-300 words per minute, tend to get fixated on 90 words out of 100, these are mainly words with content. Longer words usually are fixated and the longer it is, it may be fixated 2 or 3 times. Research also says that people reading in the English language, usually jump is around 1.2 words, or 8 letters total. Lastly, for every 100 fixations, the average skilled reader makes around 15 regressions. Regressions occur because of big jumps in the text or due to misunderstanding. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If someone is reading at a faster pace, around 400-500 words per minute, they are no longer reading carefully but are doing “expeditious reading.” If the topic being read is familiar to the reader, they may be able to answer questions in detail on words they were not fixated on. Reading speed can be affected by the difficulty of the reading and the purpose of the reading. There are two types of expeditious reading - skimming and scanning. Generally reading about 300-400 words per minute, skimming, is where the reader reads through the text not paying attention to every word, mainly to get the gist of the text. Details usually go unnoticed. Background knowledge of the reading is likely to increase the skimming speed. Scanning entails searching for particular pieces of information including, words, phrases, numbers or names. Skimming skills are more useful because scanning skills rely on skimming and reading skills. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The author then discusses reading aspects and how they change fluency develops. Decoding is taking written text and turning it into a verbal form. Word recognition and repetition of an activity or the same material, help improve a readers speed and understanding of the text. The author often refers to reading speed and fluency to those who know English as a second language but discusses effective ways in which anyone can increase their reading speed level.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Research suggests that 150 words per minute is good oral reading and 250 words per minute is good silent reading. Pressure in reading fast, results in stressing and reduces a reader’s ability to comprehend what they are reading. A way to increase reading more words per minute is to speed read timed readings and answer questions after, there are courses offered to help improve speed. It is best to read at a slower pace to better understand the text, there is no point in speed reading if nothing is understood. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Critique</b>:<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Speed reading, more specifically, skimming, is obviously a beneficial technique when trying to acquire more general information or the gist about a reading. An issue I find with it when looking at it from an analyst’s point of view is that sometimes one may read over a small important detail that can lead to or answer what you are looking for. I understand that speed reading is useful when determining whether the article is useful or not, but sometimes a significant piece can be overlooked. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Chelsiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13621168195567847932noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-34008372146373155452018-10-24T16:43:00.002-04:002018-10-24T16:43:41.006-04:00So Much to Read, So Little Time: How Do We Read, and Can Speed Reading Help?
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b>Authors: </b>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Keith Rayner, Elizabeth Schotter, Michael Masson, Mary
Potter, Rebecca Treiman</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b>
Date:</b></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
January 14, 2016</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b>Summary by: </b></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
Bryant Kimball</div>
</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Summary:</span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This article, published by the Association for Psychological
Science, serves as a literature review of the scientific studies on the
relationship between speed reading and reading comprehension.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An overwhelming amount of literature on the relationship
shows that there is a trade-off between speed and accuracy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They conclude that although speed reading
exercises do successfully increase reading rate, reading significantly faster
comes with the trade-off of losing a certain amount of comprehension.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The authors highlight a number of
experiments centered on using variations of a technique called rapid serial visual presentation, or RSVP.
Rather than getting readers to move their eyes across lines of text, the words
are presented individually, at a constant speed, faster than the natural
reading rate. This technique is supposed to make readers more efficient because
they spend less time fixating on words, moving their eyes back or forth across
words, or backtracking to reread parts of sentences. To test the effectiveness
of RSVP on comprehension, though, Schotter, Tran, and Rayner performed an
experiment where a control group read a regular paragraph, while the experimental
group were presented with a trailing-mask manipulation, where each letter in a
word was replaced by a generic “x” after reading. “This manipulation ensured
that readers had only one encounter with the word—if they returned to reread
it, they would be looking at a string of x’s.” </span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The researchers found that readers
could accurately respond to comprehension questions about the sentence much
better when they were able to reread words (75% accuracy) than when they could
not (50% accuracy). Thus, reading through each word once with RSVP was found to
be insufficient for successful understanding of the text.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
Many speed reading techniques like RSVP do not allow for the reader to
backtrack in order to make sense of something by using context clues. Thus, the
authors note language skills to be at the heart of reading speed and
comprehension. “The way to maintain high comprehension and get through text
faster is to practice reading and become a more skilled language user.”<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Critique:</span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The increasing importance of open-source collection
within the intelligence community has placed a greater emphasis on consuming a
significant load of material usually within some sort of time constraint.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, reading speed and comprehension become
requisites to any useful analysis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
literature review does an excellent job of highlighting the advantages of speed
reading exercises when it comes to increasing reading rates. But the authors
note that the goal of the reading itself is important because much of the research
shows that it is unlikely anyone is capable of doubling or tripling their
reading speed without sacrificing comprehension.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With analysis, comprehension is key,
therefore, the authors would note to exercise caution when it comes to speed
reading information useful to analysis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I would argue that although the authors have their reservations with
speed reading, using speed reading exercises to increase your reading rate
doesn’t mean you HAVE to speed read everything.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As an analyst, using good judgment as to when you can get away with
reading faster and when you may need to backtrack in order to figure out what
something meant in a specific context is just plain common sense. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To me, even with the limitations outlined by
the authors, speed reading exercises would be a useful modifier to add to the
analyst toolkit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1529100615623267</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
</div>
</span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<br /></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11402199214046211213noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-24744987352968920312018-10-16T10:39:00.000-04:002018-10-16T10:39:02.912-04:00Summary of Findings: Meditation (4 out of 5 Stars)<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note:
This post represents the synthesis of the thoughts, procedures and experiences
of others as represented in the articles read in advance (see previous posts)
and the discussion among the students and instructor during the Advanced
Analytic Techniques class at Mercyhurst University, in October 2018 regarding Meditation
as an Analytic Modifier, specifically. This technique was evaluated based on
its overall validity, simplicity, flexibility and its ability to effectively
use unstructured data.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Description:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meditation
is an analytic modifier that allows one to focus attention on a particular
object, thought, or breath to achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm
state. It is a technique used to reduce stress and exercise mental
awareness. There are multiple techniques and belief systems that can be tied to
meditation. Some research has shown that it can improve resistance to sunk-cost
bias. To the best of our knowledge, we have not found any studies that show
meditation has an effect on forecasting accuracy. Future studies should address
this shortcoming in the academic literature, especially if there is any future
for meditation as a useful modifier for analysis. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strengths:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reduce
stress, anxiety, depression<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Increase
ability to parse reality<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Increase
focus<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Decrease
projection and rumination<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Weaknesses:</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Requires consistency</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lacks immediate results</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Requires open-minded practitioners</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Difficult to apply specifically to intelligence problems</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How-To:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Below are
specific steps to Vipassana or Mindfulness:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sit
up straight and close your eyes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Notice
your breath. Pick a spot where you feel it most and focus your full
attention on that spot<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Notice
when you get lost and start over<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Application of Technique: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The class
was presented with an introduction to the practice of Vipassana in terms of its
origins and current practice today. Students then conducted their own Vipassana
exercise according to the video guide below: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzMhLmErz5Q"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzMhLmErz5Q</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 8 minute exercise guided the class through
the steps listed above, asking one to sit up straight with the eyes closed,
breath naturally, and simply notice the breath. The trick to vipassana is
to notice when one gets lost in thought and re-focus on the breath.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A class
discussion followed the exercise and covered a range of topics including
meditation’s ability to mediate cognitive biases, establish an internal locus
of control, and serve as a modifier to complement other analytic techniques.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vipassana
is commonly referred to as mindfulness, which has a growing range of literature
supporting its psychological benefits. Although not explicitly stated in
the exercise, it has quality of mind has been shown to control </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21471390?dopt=Citation"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">pain</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, mitigate </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20427148?dopt=Citation"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">anxiety</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20462570?dopt=Citation"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">depression</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, improve </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20363650?dopt=Citation"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">cognitive function</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and even produce </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21071182?dopt=Citation"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">changes</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> regulating emotions, and
self awareness.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
Further Information:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Websites</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.mindful.org/meditation/mindfulness-getting-started/"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">Getting Started With
Mindfulness</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://samharris.org/how-to-meditate/"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">Sam Harris</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><br />
</span></a><a href="https://www.uclahealth.org/marc/body.cfm?id=22&oTopID=22"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">UCLA: Free Guided Meditations
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><br />
<br />
</span></a></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Books</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Mindfulness-English-Bhante-Henepola-Gunarantana/dp/1536610208"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">Mindfulness in Plain English,</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> by Bhante Gunaratana<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Experience-Insight-Buddhist-Meditation-Shambhala/dp/0877732264"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">The Experience of Insight,</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> by Joseph Goldstein<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Wherever-You-There-Are-Mindfulness/dp/1401307787"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">Wherever You Go, There You
Are</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, by Jon
Kabat-Zinn<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.10percenthappier.com/"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">10% Happier</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, by Sam Harris<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.sharonsalzberg.com/real-happiness-the-power-of-meditation/"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">Real Happiness: The Power of
Meditation</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, by Sharon Salzberg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16984854216767529036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-44417698871053730172018-10-13T17:37:00.000-04:002018-10-14T13:12:31.802-04:00Calm and smart? A selective review of meditation effects on decision making<div style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.35em; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">By Sai Sun, Ziging Yao, Jaixin Wei, and Rongjun Yu<br />Summary and critique by Jillian J</span></div>
<div>
Summary:<br />
Sun et al. present a collection of empirical findings on the observed effects of mediation on decision making, empathy, and prosocial behavior. They begin by giving a general definition of meditation-- a broad variety of practices designed to cultivate emotional balance and psychological well-being, including relaxation, the observation of one's own inner or out experiences, and the intentional self-regulation of attention (Lutz et al., 2008; Slagter et al., 2001; Awasthi, 2012, as cited by Sun et al., 2015).<br />
<br />
Sun et al. divide their collection into non-social decision making and social decision making categories. They explain that non-social decision-making research centers on individual decision that are made based on the decision maker's own beliefs. In contrast, research on social decision making focuses on interactive decisions that are made based on group choices and the preferences of others (FEhr and Camerer, 2007; Sanfey, 2007; Rilling and Sanfey, 2011, as cited by Sun et al., 2015).<br />
<br />
The authors thoroughly outline the specific brain activity researchers have observed in subjects who meditate vs those who do not, ultimately concluding that meditation-related experience can reduce impulsivity, pathological gambling, and decision biases in non-social decision-making (Sun et al., 2015). Meditation helps to control risky responses, habitual actions, temporal focus, and negative emotions.<br />
<br />
A few weeks ago, our class participated in a game-theoretical exercise that involved imaginary monetary payoffs and two actors who could either share or steal the money. This article referenced a similar scenario wherein researchers found meditators are more likely to accept unfair offers than non-meditators because the meditation helps regulate negative emotions or cultivates compassion during social decision making.<br />
<br />
For non-social decision making, the authors assert that mediation may lead to better decision making by promoting better emotion regulation. The studies they collected found that decision-makers who meditated were able to reach conclusion that were more reflective of their values and objectives which allowed them to better differentiate between relevant and irrelevant information, maintain goal awareness, and mitigate irrational behaviors.<br />
<br />
Critique:<br />
The authors presented an inclusive and informative collection of studies on the effects of meditation on decision making. I'm skeptical of any research that finds loads of support, but decidedly less, if any, contradicting evidence. Maybe meditation really does consistently produce desirable effects for those who practice it. This article certainly leads me to believe that. But I wonder if the emotionally regulated, non-biased, thoughtful person meditation supposedly creates is always what we want. If you think your adversary is of the non-meditating variety, perhaps you'd want to have a non-meditator on your side who can provide a more accurate insight into what action the adversary is likely considering.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08823456518849697235noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-8799081136705214492018-10-13T17:11:00.004-04:002018-10-13T17:18:14.544-04:00Mindfulness-based stress reduction effects on moral reasoning and decision making<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Authors:
Shauna L. Shapiro, Hooria Jazaieri</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: -1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">and Philippe R. Goldin</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Institution:
Santa Clara University<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Publication:
Journal of Positive Psychology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Year: 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In this
article, the authors want to understand whether mindfulness training influences
the development of moral reasoning, and therefore better and ethical
decision-making abilities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The
authors cite Shapiro and Carlson’s (2009) definition of mindfulness as “the
awareness that arises through intentionally paying attention in an open, kind
and discerning way.” The authors state that “mindfulness practices are designed
to enhance awareness of thoughts, feelings, somatic sensations,
intention/motivations, and behaviors. The authors follow by citing the
available research showing that mindfulness has pronounced psychological and
physiological effects on both clinical and non-clinical populations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The
authors believe there is a link between moral reasoning and mindfulness. This
is due to moral reasoning having a foundation in awareness. The core principle behind
mindfulness practices is that it makes the practitioner more aware and
attentive to himself, his surroundings, and the present moment. If moral
reasoning has a basis in awareness, then mindfulness showed have a deeper
impact on the other factors involved in moral reasoning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The
believed effect that mindfulness should have on ethical decision-making is due
to the deconstruction of the ego involved in mindfulness training. By creating
a more objective frame of reference, the mindfulness practitioner will have a
broader awareness and understanding of not just himself but also others. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The
authors hypothesize that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction would result in
improved moral reasoning and decision-making in the immediate period following
the study as well as a two-month follow-up. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">25 adult females were involved in the study. The study consisted of an eight-week
training in MBSR, which included 20 hours of meditation practice. Participants
were required to record their experience in a daily journal. The participants
were taught several mindfulness techniques. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The
immediate results of the study found that there was no difference from the
baseline in moral reasoning. The study did find that participants showed
significant improvements in all measures of mindfulness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The
two-month follow-up showed continued improvements in mindfulness. In contrast
to the immediate results of the study, participants showed improvement in all
domains of moral reasoning in the follow-up. The authors believe that could be
associated with more practice in MBSR which they posit would yield even greater
positive changes in moral reasoning. The authors found that the amount of MBSR practiced
by the participants was not associated with moral reasoning and other tested
domains. Only mindfulness was enhanced through an increase in the weekly time
devoted to practicing MBSR. Additionally, changes in mindfulness between the
immediate post-study survey and two-month follow-up were not related to changes
in moral reasoning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Critique:
<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">It’s
clear that consistent mindfulness training has an impact on thinking
parameters. While the authors tested their domains using cognitive and
psychological scales, they did not do so decision-making scenarios. Therefore, there
are significant limitations on the applicability of their findings. The authors
note that their study represents a starting off point for further research in
the area. Their study indicates that there is some noticeable benefit towards
continued practice of MBSR techniques, no matter how much time spent on a
weekly basis. Given that there were improvements at the two-month mark in moral
reasoning, based on scales used, it would be safe to say that there may be some
benefit for analysts to practice MBSR. If moral reasoning and mindfulness can
be thought as a proxy for unbiased or balanced analytic thought, then regular practice
of MBSR should have noticeable, consistent, and long-term effect and
potentially substantial positive benefit in estimates and analytic judgement. An additional limitation to this study was that it included only a small sample size and the sample subjects consisted only of women. The authors assess that women and men may internalize and respond to MBSR training differently. Given that the ranks of the Intelligence Community has predominantly been made up of men, this has implications on whether meditation is only useful on both genders. Given a brief review of other literature it is highly likely that MBSR is useful for men and women, therefore meditation could be explored as a practical method to improve analysis. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> Link: </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17439760.2012.723732</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16984854216767529036noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-62434743447550707612018-10-13T13:23:00.001-04:002018-10-13T13:23:07.556-04:00Debiasing the Mind Through Meditation: Mindfulness and the Sunk-Cost Bias<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Debiasing the Mind Through Meditation: Mindfulness and the Sunk-Cost Bias<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">By </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hafenbrack, A. C., Kinias, Z., & Barsade, S. G.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Summary & Critique by Billy</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Summary:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The authors begin their paper by defining both mindfulness meditation as well as sunk-cost bias. Mindfulness meditation is the practice of focus and awareness of the present while eliminating thoughts of the past and the future. A typical execution of mindfulness meditation is simply focusing on one’s breathing and how the body feels with each inhale and exhale over a short period of time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">To define sunk-cost bias, Hafenbrack et al. citing (Arkes & Blumer, 1985) state that it is the tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in money, effort or time has been made (Hafenbrack et al., 2013). The authors suggest mindfulness could have an impact on increasing resistance to sunk-cost bias due to the emotional and temporal processes involved in the decision making. Further discussion occurs regarding prior research on how a past/future mindset, as well as negative emotions, can increase sunk-cost bias. This discussion further suggests a relationship between mindfulness meditation and sunk-cost bias with supporting research on mindfulness meditation’s ability to increase a person’s subjective well being and decrease negative emotion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hafenbrack et al. conducted four studies testing their hypothesis that mindful meditation would increase resistance to sunk-cost bias. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Study 1 <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This was a correlational study between trait mindfulness and resistance to the sunk-cost bias. They used two control factors to test this, age and self-esteem. They hypothesized that greater trait mindfulness would predict an increased resistance to sunk-cost bias (Hafenbrack et al, 2014). The researchers had 187 adults complete the mindful attention awareness scale as well as the Resisting Sunk Costs section of the Adult Decision-Making Competence Inventory. Self-esteem was controlled for by having participants complete the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale. The researchers determined that trait mindfulness was positively correlated with resisting the sunk cost bias (r = .205, p = .003) (Hafenbrack et al., 2013). When entering age, self-esteem and trait mindfulness as independent variables in a linear regression model they determined that age and trait mindfulness were significant predictors of resisting the sunk-cost bias, but self-esteem was not (Hafenbreck et al., 2013). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Study 2a and 2b <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Both studies tested the relationship between state mindfulness and the sunk cost bias. In both studies, participants either underwent a 15-minute mindfulness meditation session focused on breathing or were part of a control group that underwent a 15-minute mind wandering induction, that emphasized allowing their mind to wander. After each session was complete participants were then presented with a sunk-cost scenario, with a differing scenario for 2a and 2b. In each scenario, the subject’s perspective was that of a key decision maker at a company. Each scenario provided a background regarding an initial investment made by their company for a product, and that after the investment was made, it was brought to their attention that their investment was inferior to another product. The participants then had to decide to continue with their initial investment, which would indicate sunk-cost bias or to give up on their initial investment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Both studies concluded that mindfulness meditation increased participants resistance to sunk-cost bias.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2a</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: 78% in the meditation group resisted bias compared to 44% who resisted in the control group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2b</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: 53% in the meditation group resisted bias compared to the 29% who resisted in the control group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Study3<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This study was an experiment looking at decreased temporal focus on the future/past and decreased state negative affect as the underlying mechanisms that make mindful meditation effective. The study was an online survey that utilized similar 15-minute recorded induction focused on breathing. This was followed by multiple survey questions to measure resistance to sunk-cost bias, temporal focus, and positive/negative affect. This data was input into three bootstrapping mediation tests. Hafenbreck et al concluded that mindfulness meditation decreased temporal focus on the past and future which in turn reduced negative affect and led to greater resistance to sunk-cost bias (Hafenbreck et al, 2013). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Critique:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I think that this article was insightful regarding the power of meditation. The fact that they were able to provide multiple relevant studies that support meditation as a tool to improve decision making with significant empirical evidence. Their studies used only a single and short 15-minute session of meditation. They noted that this was more practical to existing studies that utilized 8 weeks of meditation training. I would like to see if there is a diminishing returns aspect to meditation and its ability to improve resistance to sunk-cost bias. Also, research into how meditation can impact creating more accurate estimates would be an interesting next step.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hafenbrack, A. C., Kinias, Z., & Barsade, S. G. (2013). Debiasing the Mind Through Meditation: Mindfulness and the Sunk-Cost Bias. <i>Psychological Science</i>, <i>25</i>(2), 369–376. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e873/6e9e42cc02648451e5c7a736cd5cef8e1515.pdf?_ga=2.172856483.1278782003.1539440196-1022806752.1539440196<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Billyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06487523879076220276noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-27014320922922908942018-10-09T10:40:00.001-04:002018-10-09T10:40:48.678-04:00Summary of Findings: Role Playing (3 out of 5 Stars)
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Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note:
This post represents the synthesis of the thoughts, procedures and experiences
of others as represented in the articles read in advance (see previous posts)
and the discussion among the students and instructor during the Advanced
Analytic Techniques class at Mercyhurst University, in October 2018 regarding
Role Playing as an Analytic Method, specifically. This technique was evaluated
based on its overall validity, simplicity, flexibility and its ability to
effectively use unstructured data.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Description:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Role
playing is the act of embodying a character or the behavior of someone who is
different from yourself. In an intelligence capacity, role playing is meant to
help understand the behavior of a particular adversary, person, or organization
of interest in general and how they are likely to act in a given situation.
Role playing draws on similar fundamentals as red-teaming and devil’s advocacy
but involves more immersive preparation by the analyst into understanding and
subsequently ‘becoming’ the person or organization. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strengths:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There
are indications that it is effective at forecasting events<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">May
provide insight into the thought processes of individuals and
organizations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prepares
for real-life situations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Understanding
of operational environment<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Effective
for teaching <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Weaknesses:</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Requires
sufficient time to execute a role playing exercise</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Preparation time
for the exercise itself is included in the overall time required to
execute the exercise. </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Repetition of
the exercise or running multiple exercises concurrently may unveil more
potential outcomes</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Requires
sufficient knowledge of the individual(s), organization(s), and
scenario(s) to effectively create the world of the exercise</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some individuals
are more predisposed to fit into roles easily, others do not and therefore
requires more time to become the role assigned</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How-To:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immerse
yourself into the role of given character<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immerse
your character into the environment of the given situation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Introduce
the other characters involved in the scenario<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The actors of
these characters will also complete steps 1 & 2<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Allow
time for characters to identify courses of action for scenario<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Repeat
multiple times (if possible)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">**To
capture the process of the methodology, it may be beneficial to implement a
pre-test of assumptions, as well as a debriefing after the simulation.
This will allow analysts to understand how role-playing shaped their
final analysis. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Application of Technique: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Activity Materials:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Characters*: 11 cards, face down, each with a different
“character” (e.g. coach, mom, alien, mime, child, etc.)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modifiers*: 11 cards, face down, each with a different
“modifier” (e.g. who is disgruntled, who is late for work, who has food poisoning,
etc.)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Motivations*: 11 cards, face down, each with a different
“motivation” (e.g. who needs to blow their nose, who wants to quit their job,
who can’t find their car, who is trying to escape the apocalypse, etc.)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lines*: 6 cards, face down, each with a different line (e.g.
what time is it, can I bum a cigarette, have a nice day, etc. ) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*the number of cards is arbitrary. We had enough option for
each participant.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Activity:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Participant picks a “character” card and looks at the card.
Without speaking, s/he walks across the room embodying that character.
Participant then picks a “modifier” card. Without speaking, s/he walks across
the room embodying that character, now considering how that modifier changes the
way s/he physically portrays the character. Participant picks a “motivation”
card. Without speaking s/he walks across the room embodying that character,
considering the modifier and now the motivation. Participant should be aware of
how these additional pieces of information are influencing the way s/he moves
across the room. Finally, participant picks a “line” card. This time, s/he
walks across the room, keeping in mind the character, modifier, and motivation,
but now delivering the line at any point. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Concept: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This exercise allows participants to practice rapid character
study. The purpose of not speaking in the first 3 steps is to teach
participants the importance of actions and physicality. Building a character
and successfully role playing demands that the participants study and collect
information about their character before playing the role--in the case of this
exercise, before delivering the line. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
Further Information:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/15516/3/Stokoe%202014%20ROLSI%20IR.pdf"><span style="color: #1155cc;">The Conversation Analytic Role-play Method (CARM)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/24544/1/Niemants%20Stokoe%20Final%20March%202017.pdf"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Using the Conversation Analytic Role-Play Method in
healthcare interpreter education</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16984854216767529036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-35514411670375830112018-10-07T20:21:00.002-04:002018-10-07T20:25:24.954-04:00Role Playing: A Method to Forecast Decisions<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By J. Scott Armstrong <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Wharton School, University of
Pennsylvania <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Summary:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Armstrong describes role-playing to be
when an administrator asks people to play roles and use their “decisions” as
forecasts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These exercises produce a
realistic simulation of the interactions among conflicting groups. Armstrong
then gave a few situations were role play has been used. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A special interest group considers a
sit-in to convince the government to provide subsidies to its members. The
government believes the subsidy to be unwise and is willing to make only minor
concessions. How likely is it that a sit-in would succeed? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A firm selling industrial products to a
small number of customers plans major changes in its product design. The
changes are risky but potentially profitable. It wants to make the changes
without its competitors finding out.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A law firm is considering strategies
for a defendant. Which defense would be most persuasive to the jury? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All of the situations above are
dependent on the interactions of two parties. Role-play can be used to help
accurately forecast one’s own decisions and the reactions of other parties.
Armstrong argues that role-playing is most effective for predictions when two
conflicting parties respond to large changes. To use role-play a forecaster
asks subjects to put themselves in specified roles. Then they can either
imagine how they would act, act out their responses alone, or interact with
others in the situation. The decisions that are made in a situation can vary
based on the designated role.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An
experiment by Cyert, March and Starbuck in 1961 proved that. The subjects were
presented with the same data, however they made substantially different forecast
depending if they were “cost analyst” or “market analyst.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the next section Armstrong listed
conditions where the use of role-playing is favored. There is a balance in the
amount of parties that interact in effective role-playing. It is easiest to
copy situations in which only two parties interact. When many parties involved
different viewpoints, matching the role-play to the situation becomes more
difficult forecast. Role-playing is useful in situations where the interacting
parties are in conflict. It is also useful in situations involving large
change. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Role-playing is the preferred when
predicting decisions in situations in which parties interact. It is especially
important that when trying to forecast the outcome of a decision-making
situation, the analyst ensures that the role-playing matches the actual
situation. The key is well thought out casting, role instructions, descriptions
of the situation, administrative procedures, and interaction among groups for
effective role-playing. It can provide the most realistic representation of
interactions among different parties. It’s a low-cost and confidential alternative
to experimentation. Evidence showed that out of the situations listed above that
role-playing was more accurate than expert opinions for predicting decision-making
when there were conflicts between groups and when large changes were involved. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Role-playing is transferable across
many disciplines. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Critique: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The author spends a lot of time going
through the steps of setting up role-play in this article and only does a shallow
dive in to results of role-play. Also, the article is written on qualitative
case studies. The argument for the value of role-playing would have been much
stronger with statistics to support it. This is something that is hard to
measure the value. Role-playing as a methodology is valuable because it can be
used across most disciplines. In the situations the author laid out he was able
to show that it cold be applied to businesses, polices and law makers,
educations, and in healthcare. The author on touches quickly on role-play
without interaction of multiple parties. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1175&context=marketing_papers">https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1175&context=marketing_papers</a></span></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16948896274088398371noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-86675873651571180072018-10-04T21:11:00.004-04:002018-10-04T21:11:57.482-04:00Representation of Cultural Role-Play for Training<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Author: Thomas Santarelli, Aaron Pepe, Ph.D., Larry Rosenzweig, John Paulus, Ahn Na Yi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Date: 2010</b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Summary</b>:<br />
The Department of Defense (DoD) has utilized many methods for cultural training, one being role-playing. The DoD has shifted its conflict preparation, applying technology like virtual reality or Artificial Intelligence (AI), due to the importance of cultural and negotiations training. Role-playing exercises and focused training classes are implemented into these game-based practices. These methods have been employed at the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) and the National Training Center (NTC).<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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The authors discuss two computer-based interactions. The first, role-play through AI with cultural avatars. This gives the trainees a sense of cultural familiarization. The downside to this is that the characters are limited to adjust in different situations. The second involves multiplayer-enabled environments. This is a simulation where multiple human players are engaged, and each have their own avatar to represent in the role-play. The downfall to the game is its ineffectiveness in the use of live face-to-face training. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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To address the game’s deficiencies, the authors give four ways to increase the effectiveness of the game-based training method. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Conduct a literature review on potential risks and limitations to role-play in cross-cultural issues<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Develop effective role-play strategies to alleviate the challenges faced in the training<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Develop training materials to improve and modify both live and virtual role-play<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Conduct a pilot study to examine in contrast the trainee’s comfort in both role-play and live interactions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
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The authors then give a summary of the literature. They begin by establishing four sections to focus their research on. Three of the areas cover issues regarding general issues in role-playing and the forth concerning game-based usage of role-playing. The research factored in “use of role-play to elicit cross-cultural behaviors, sociological and cultural issues related to group interactions” as well as “interactions involving verbal and non-verbal forms of communication” and finally the “use of game-environment as a mediating form of interaction.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Table 1: Issues related to role-play in general</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Role-play between cross-cultural users may require more preparation or practice than a culturally homogeneous group.</span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Lack of anonymity in face-to-face role-play may prevent engagement.</span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Large group size may cause social inhibition during role-play.</span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Role-play may represent a threatening context for some players to explore cultural issues.</span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Role-play can produce "high cognitive load," </span>particularly<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> for novices.</span></li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Table 2: Issues related to game-mediated role-play</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Conveyance and interpretation of emotional disposition may not be intuitive.</span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Nonverbal behaviors may be difficult to map to physical and graphical control inputs.</span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Fidelity of visual avatars may not be adequate to convey required nonverbal communication in a game-mediated environment.</span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Cross-cultural user populations have </span>culture-specific<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> interpretation for use of color, user preferences, and icons.</span></li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><o:p></o:p><br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The authors then provide the process in which they conducted a pilot, and present the results. For each scenario a twenty-minute session was created that involved four participants, each having a role in both the live and game-mediated simulation. Both simulations involved “proper Mosque etiquette” where a U.S. Lieutenant was required to obtain information on a person of interest from a Sheikh and his nephew while respecting the environment. Three of the four participants spoke Arabic, while one did not. The live role-play was administered at a mosque, and the other virtually. Another role-player, who acted as a “director,” facilitated the scenario in case more dialogue needed to be added.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Results from the live role-play concluded that proper preparation is important for successful role-playing. Although it has some limitations, feedback from the game-based role-play resulted in positive reactions, including, engaging, realistic, and appropriate for training in this type of environment.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Critique:</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The scenario created as an experiment was an interesting representation of a real-world situation. I do not have experience with role-playing for military scenarios, but I feel that virtual role-play is a useful method when trying to create a realistic environment for trainees. The authors did address how game-based simulations do lack the intuitiveness of a real situation. This is concerning because unexpected emotions that may arise in a real-world situation are not detected through game-based role-playing. However, the application of the AI seems to be a practical method since you are placed in a somewhat accurate setting. Although it allows for face-to-face interaction, an issue with live role-playing may make trainees uncomfortable which will result in the simulation not being taken seriously.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chelsiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13621168195567847932noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-8245653985915549612018-10-04T13:38:00.001-04:002018-10-04T13:38:36.931-04:00Do Your Homework: How Intelligence Professionals Can Use Role-Playing to Anticipate Decisions<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Thomas, V., Magnotta, S., Chang, H., Steffes, E. (2018) Role Playing in a Consumption Context: An Experiential Learning Activity Focused on the Consumer Decision-Making Process. <i>Marketing Education Review, 28</i>(2), 89-97. </b></div>
<br />
<b>Summary:</b><br />
<br />
The authors in this study, in an attempt to move away from lecture towards a more interactive activity, employed role-playing in a marketing class for their students. Previous literature had cited the benefit of experiential learning as encouraging learning through experience and in this context the authors wanted students to learn about the external and internal influences on a consumer's decision-making. The authors conducted the activity after a review of the steps in the consumer decision-making process but prior to the identification of factors that influence the process. Omitting the identification of these factors was critical to the success of the activity since it gave students the opportunity to realize these factors during the role-playing activity.<br />
<br />
The students were assigned roles as either a consumer, sales assistant, or cashier in a retail bookstore. Students were able to share their assigned roles with other students (i.e., consumer, sales assistant, cashier), but were not allowed to share their characters' motivations. For example, one consumer was in a rush to buy a textbook needed for an exam the next day and another consumer had time to spare and was browsing for a book that would impress his or her upcoming date. For the sales assistants, one was motivated to impress the boss while another was motivated to do as little work as possible. These underlying motivations were not shared with others, as these were the factors the students were supposed to realize throughout their interactions in the role-playing activity.<br />
<br />
After the students completed the role-playing activity for a short time, the students were asked to guess what each others' underlying motivations were in the activity. In the ensuing discussion, the class identified the influences on consumer behavior they experienced or observed in the activity (time constraints, need for belonging, quality of interaction with sales assistant, etc.). A post-test survey of the participants revealed several statistically significant findings regarding the activity. The students had positive impressions of the activity for contributing to learning, had found the activity to be engaging, and recommended using the activity in future classes for learning.<br />
<br />
<b>Critique: </b><br />
<br />
The positive perceptions regarding the learning process through role-playing speaks volumes to the power of role-playing in understanding another's behavior. The role-playing activity offers an appealing alternative to the lecture-style of learning in the classroom and shows promise for anticipating another person's or organizations' decisions in an intelligence capacity. However, several differences make role-playing in the classroom difficult to apply to an intelligence capacity.<br />
<br />
The first difference is that for the classroom the setting was physical and students were able to rearrange the room to reflect a typical bookstore. For intelligence professionals, the settings may not be physical but rather theoretical situations (e.g., company executives making decisions in a changing or emerging
industry, international politicians making policy decisions).<br />
<br />
Another difference is that the students were likely already familiar with the experience of making decisions while shopping in a retail bookstore. Due to their position and responsibilities as intelligence professionals, these professionals are likely not familiar with the experience and process of making decisions at the corporate- or political-level<br />
<br />
Finally, in this activity the students were assigned clearly defined motivations to direct their behavior in the activity. However, for intelligence professional those motivations may not be clearly defined and will require more research to understand the person or organization of interest, the situation, and the factors at play.<br />
<br />
Role-playing activities show promise for anticipating a person's or organization's decisions in an intelligence capacity, however are innately more labor-intensive in intelligence. In order to overcome the labor barrier that may discourage the use of role-playing, intelligence professionals will need to have a strong intelligence gathering system in place that provides an up-to-date and accurate understanding of the person or organization, their motivations, and the theoretical setting/situation. <br />
With this system in place, the initial labor required to conduct the activity is reduced and intelligence professionals can use role-playing more often and more effectively. Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-42666678083908405402018-10-03T12:21:00.000-04:002018-10-03T12:23:28.960-04:00Bureaucratic Politics and Decision Making Under Uncertainty in a National Security Crisis: Assessing the Effects of International Relations Theory and the Learning Impact of Role-Playing Simulation at the U.S. Naval Academy<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Author: Nikolaos Biziouras</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Date: 2013</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Summary & Critique by: Bryant Kimball </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Summary</b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this journal article, United States Naval academy
professor Nikolaos Biziouras measures the learning impact of role-playing in an
international relations course using a pre/post-test research design.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before diving into the exercise, Biziouras
outlines the previous literature in favor of role-playing and active learning,
highlighting the following outcomes from the previous research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Students who are enrolled in courses with an
active learning component have:</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Acquired a deeper, longer-lasting knowledge </li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Become more enthusiastic about the material<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Enjoyed the application of theoretical knowledge
to empirical circumstances<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Increased in skill development</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The literature also concludes that skill development includes:</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>An increased capacity for public speaking<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span> </li>
<li>Appreciation for others’ viewpoints</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>An expanded ability to conduct independent research<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>A unique opportunity to shift from a passive
recipient of knowledge into an active participant</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A heightened
realization about the importance of critical thinking, especially with unexpected
challenges and unfamiliar environments </b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yet, Biziouras makes clear that active learning exercises don’t
come without their fair share of limitations and requisites. Increased use of
role-playing emphasizes the importance of constructing a methodologically sound
exercise, including clear rules of engagement, and well specified and realistic
learning objectives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, the
facilitator must be aware that a break from the traditional routine may be
outside of some participants’ comfort zones. Furthermore, an unstructured
exercise may increase “social loafing.” What Biziouras finds most important is
some form of debriefing so that both participants and facilitator can evaluate
the experience based on whether or not the learning objectives were met.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Understanding these requisites, Biziouras constructed his
own role-playing simulation for his class at the U.S. Naval Academy, and tested
the effectiveness of the simulation using a pre/post-test research design.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of the questions in the pre/post-tests
include:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>“How do you think leaders should deal with
foreign policy crisis in international relations?”</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>“What do you think are the most common mistakes
that leaders make in a foreign policy crisis?”</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>“Do you think that changes in leaders lead to
changes in outcome in the international system?”</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Biziouras was able to measure the effect of role-playing on
his students based off the differences in pre and post-test responses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Critique</b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Biziouras’ article emphasized the advantages of
role-playing in applying theory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a
current graduate student in an applied intelligence program, I can appreciate
the value in that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Judging by his brief
review of previous literature of the effectiveness of role-playing, this
methodology appears to be one of, if not the most tested methodology our 2018
AAT class has researched so far.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although
without diving into the methodology of the literature Biziouras mentioned, I
found the advantages, the list of skills developed, and the limitations and
requisites to be helpful in evaluating role-playing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Biziouras’ own test of the methodology was
sound, however he did not factor in the changes in student response between pre
and post-test resulting from his students’ expectation to changing their
answers from pre to post test. I emphasized a specific skill that I found to be
of utmost importance to intelligence analysts: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A heightened realization about the importance of critical thinking,
especially with unexpected challenges and unfamiliar environments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>As analysts are always attempting to
uncover information about deceptive, challenging, messy, and unfamiliar environments,
role-playing may be an effective methodology to employ.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">https://www.usna.edu/PoliSci/facultybio/Faculty%20Documents/Biziouras%20Published%20Works/BiziourasJPSE </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11402199214046211213noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-6557528998872705012018-10-02T10:43:00.002-04:002018-10-02T10:43:12.627-04:00Summary of Findings: Red Teaming (2 out of 5 Stars)
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note: This post represents the synthesis of the
thoughts, procedures and experiences of others as represented in the articles
read in advance (see previous posts) and the discussion among the students and
instructor during the Advanced Analytic Techniques class at Mercyhurst
University, in October 2018 regarding Red Teaming as an Analytic Method,
specifically. This technique was evaluated based on its overall validity, simplicity,
flexibility and its ability to effectively use unstructured data.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Description:
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Red
teaming is an analytic method that designates an</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">independent group that challenges an
organization to improve its effectiveness by assuming an adversarial role or
point of view. While there are a variety of approaches, common execution
practices include identifying threats, tactics, techniques, procedures, tools,
and personnel at the adversary’s disposal. These elements allow you to
recognize the red team’s capabilities and likely courses of action. As a
result, you are ideally more equipped to respond to adversarial threats and
other possible outcomes. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strengths:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">•Challenges
plans, ideas, programs, and assumptions</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">•Addresses
alternative or emerging outcomes</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">•Identifies
vulnerabilities</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">•Reduces
risk</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">•Diagnoses
threats</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Weaknesses:</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">•</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">Heavily reliant on effective leadership and adequate team interaction</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">•</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">Susceptible to groupthink</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">•</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia",serif;">Not applicable to situations where enemy and task isn’t clearly defined</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How-To:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
There are several variants of Red Team methodology, the processes of which
differ from one another. Below is the most concrete process of red-teaming
that we came up with in class: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identify
the Red Team Capabilities<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tactics,
Techniques, Procedures<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Behavior<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Personnel<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tools<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Based
on capabilities, assign <b>independent group to ASSUME THE ROLE OF RED
TEAM</b><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Design
situations to employ the red team in order to identify vulnerabilities,
diagnose threats, and address potential outcomes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Application of Technique: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Students in the class were given scenario in which a the
president of Mercyhurst University had decided on a date to surprise the
student body with a celebration on campus called “Hurst Day”. The date was
intended to be kept secret to maintain the surprise, yet for planning purposes
the president had to share the date with select few faculty members (i.e.,
campus dining and res life directors). The students were then tasked to assume
the role of an adversarial group that wants to find the date and leak it to the
student body before the surprise. This group has collections skills including
elicitation, lock-picking, geocaching, surveillance, open-source, etc. After
given time to think and collaborate on possible ways this group is likely to
attempt to find the date, the students determined the Top 5 that were most
likely to be used by this group. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For
Further Information:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dsb/redteam.pdf"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Defense Science Board Task Force (2003): The Role
and Status of DoD Red Teaming Activities. </span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://redteams.net/"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Red Teams</span></a>
(blog and podcast)<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://redteamjournal.com/"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Red Team
Journal</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/142533/20130301_red_teaming_ed2.pdf"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Red Teaming Guide</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16984854216767529036noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509736829271344872.post-71926991973846178212018-09-29T19:58:00.002-04:002018-09-29T19:58:20.733-04:00Adaptive Red Teaming: Protecting Across the Spectrum
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Authors: John P. Sullivan and Adam Elkus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Publication: Red Team Journal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Date: July 2010</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">In a 2010
article in the Red Team Journal, John Sullivan and Adam Elkus outline their
view on a style of red teaming they refer to as Adaptive and Analytic red teaming.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The
authors first discuss the foundations of red teaming. They cite Schelling, who believes
that red teaming is an approach to combat the “poverty of expectations” where “the
danger is not that we shall read the signals and indicators with too little
skill; the danger is in a poverty of expectations – a routine obsession with a
few dangers that may be familiar rather than likely.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">A</span>daptive
red teaming, the authors say, “involves an iterative range of analytical and physical
approaches to understanding an adversary.” The authors suggest that these new
methods for red teaming are valuable for conducting analysis on
counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, and counterviolence. The authors
furthermore state that analytic red teaming is an approach to thinking in an adversarial
manner, in this case a terrorist or opposing force (OPFOR). The idea behind analytic
red teaming is to get an “enhanced understanding <span style="color: black;">of
the groups particular driving factors strategic goals, leadership and decision-making
dynamics and processes, operational capabilities and rationales, organizational
dynamics and behaviors, adaptive capacities, etc. and their corollary and
derivative operations.” Put simply, the goal is to understand the specified
adversary’s “mindset” (ideology, strategic agenda, leadership) and the adversary
operational behaviors (capabilities, modus operandi, targeting preferences). <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span>
The premise for the article rests on the idea that there is a larger
spectrum of threats through which to use red teaming than just Islamic
terrorism, which has drawn a majority of the focus of military, intelligence,
and law enforcement organizations. Sullivan and Elkus believe that there are a
variety of threats that are potential risks to public safety. While the authors
mention some specific examples, they use the title “black blocs” as a catch-all
concept for such anarchic or potentially violent groups. To protect against
such groups, Sullivan and Elkus argue new the concepts kill chain, order of
battle, and Design can enhance analytic red teaming in practice. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
The authors describe the kill chain model as “the process of assembling
weapons and personnel in place, conducting reconnaissance and dry runs, and
then carrying out the act itself.” Sullivan and Elkus argue that by following
the adversary’s necessary courses of action and tools required through a series
of decision trees, with branches of tasks and subtasks, kill chain can produce
data (of trends and potential) that can be used to test the adversary’s
capabilities. The authors use an example of a black bloc to highlight the use
of kill chain. The authors suggest that kill chain is an additional method that
can highlight indicators of attack and vulnerabilities in an adversary’s command
and control, by applying different network types.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
Order of battle is a method used by the military to “displays the enemy’s
organization and disposition” and denote “<span style="color: black;">different
types of units, equipment, and axes of advance…to predict the behavior of these
units.” Sullivan and Elkus believe that “ORBAT analysis can be used to give
teeth to analysis of the kill chain.” ORBAT’s feed into the kill chain, giving
more information about the adversary’s cell to cell capabilities. An example of
ORBAT used is in free-playing tactical decision-making games which
theoretically tests how a unit can adapt to real-time tactical scenarios when
there is “no right answer.” An example of such games in the real world is the
training that Army units go through at the National Training Center. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black;">Design is a method that was developed by the Army
School of Advanced Military Studies to “frame a problem creatively prior to
solving it.” Design frames the operational environment, frames the problem, and
provides an operational approach to push the problem to an acceptable resolution.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The process occurs concurrently with the
planning of the operation at hand. The authors believe this process can be used
to challenge assumptions on longer-term issues that are more strategic in
nature, like risk management and risk analysis. The authors suggest that Design
can aid in better defensive measures against threats like Al-Qaeda and
terrorism, writ-large. They cite the examples of the German Red Army and Irish
Republican Army as examples. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black;">In conclusion, the authors argue that by extending
red team analysis with new methods, we “can help diagnose threats,
vulnerability and risk, and point the way toward a better means of providing
security and addressing emerging threats.” These methods can be used to prevent
terrorist attacks or be used to refine prevention and deterrence activities. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black;">Critique: The authors have a firm knowledge of
alternative methods that could be used to enhance red team analysis. If I am
not mistaken, the idea of the kill chain and ORBAT has, in a way, been
incorporated into targeting analysis which is a key intelligence activity in
the war against terror. Arguably, these methods have been effective. Otherwise it’s
hard to see how these forms of analysis have been used inside the intelligence,
military, and law enforcement arenas. Kill chain is a logical and practical
method that has a lot of utility in all areas. ORBAT is only practiced by the
military. ORBAT, and by extension IPB, is a specialized practice and is unlikely
to be used outside military settings. Intelligence operations likely
incorporate such thinking but in an unstructured way. Based on the article, I see
no utility to Design that isn’t already served by the previous two
methodologies. <br /><br />Link to article: </span>https://redteamjournal.com/papers/RTJ_Occasional_Paper_01_July_2010.pdf<br />
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16984854216767529036noreply@blogger.com7