Summary:
What this report looked to do was
to first define what devil’s advocacy (DA) does and how it is supposed to
function. Then, it quickly evaluated the merits of DA in laboratory settings and field settings. The
evaluation of DA looked at not only DA, but also dialectic inquiry (DI) as well
as expert advice (E). DA itself, at its most basic, is a procedure that
involves one or several persons who are appointed to raise objections to
favored alternatives, challenge underlying assumptions, and potentially present
differing ideas. According to the study, the
introduction of conflict to challenge previously formed assumptions is the definition of DA that is generally agreed on.
However, while researchers agree
on the definition, how the DA goes about their work does not have a wide
consensus. First, at what point does the DA intervene in the process? Next,
should the DA deride the majority position or should they champion the
alternative? Finally, the whom and how many
should play the role are also not agreed on.
According to the results of the field and lab testing, it is agreeded that introduced conflict (as in devil’s advocacy) works. Laboratory studies have
found that DA or DI yields better results as opposed to E. How the study functioned is that with three groups, one group
received an “expert recommendation” (the E group) another group received the
same recommendation but with a critique (the DA group), and a third group
received a recommendation, a critique, and another recommendation stemming from
the critique (a DA/DI group). Testing of the group’s ability to make strategic decisions
showed that the superiority of the DI/DA groups versus the E group was statistically
significant. However, the difference between DI/DA was only marginally significant. It did show that conflict introduced into the decision-making process yielded strong results.
In field tests, tests involving
DI as a version that offers a counter-plan against the prevailing expert decision
do tend to yield far better results as well. From private sector to public sector,
field tests point towards DI, and even just DA alone, having a better chance to
produce more options that are novel versus a standard experts opinion. The availability
of more options versus the one expert opinion yielded a management group that
had a deeper understanding of a problem. Additionally, it reduced the potential
for groupthink created by the expert advice. Furthermore, it leads to more alternatives
and greater overall satisfaction with the decision brought on by a sense of having considered all the options.
Conclusion:
The study concludes with how to
employ a devil’s advocate scenario that looks to address the three problems stated
earlier. First and one of the more complicated issues, the role of the DA is dependent
on the structure and nature of the group. Constraints such as time, structure, and
goal all alter how to use the devil’s advocate. If dialectic inquiry is used,
it could take a substantial amount of time to construct a counter strategy. If
a group already has a great deal of conflict within itself, the advocate can be
used to structure the debates to prevent one strategy from receiving more resources
than the others strategies receive.
Second, the advocate should make
every attempt to avoid advocating for one particular option. This would prevent
them from becoming a “carping critic” and ultimately weakening the role of the
advocate. This type of devil’s advocate can harm the decision making process
and the management’s views of situation. Instead, the advocate should seek to
highlight every other option.
Third, concerning the
logistics of the advocate, further research is needed. Rotating the advocate
around each of the members of the group allows each member to understand the
role of the devil’s advocate. However, if one person is selected, they have the
chance to become a more effective advocate. As to which option is stronger, it remains to be discovered.
Finally, and separate from the
three problems, underlying all of the study is the ultimate need for management
to be open to the devil’s advocate or dialectic inquiry methods. In order for
the devil’s advocate’s work to have any impact, their role must be taken
seriously and legitimate thought must be given to what the advocate states.
This need ultimately falls on management’s ability to deal with and accept that
there may be multiple ways of dealing with a situation and that their views and
ideas are not always correct. Without management’s ability to accept different
views, the role of the devil’s advocate would be domesticated or even harmful.
However, once caveat is that even in these rigid situations, the devil’s
advocate could be used to forcibly breakdown groupthink situations.
Critique:
The only real piece of criticism that
can be made about this report concerns the metrics by which the laboratory
experiments were measured against. What constituted a more sound, strategic decision?
Granted, information on where to find it was included within the report, but a brief
description would have helped to drive home some of the key points of the study a little better.
Source: Schwenk, C. R. (1984).
DEVIL'S ADVOCACY IN MANAGERIAL DECISION-MAKING. Journal Of Management Studies,
21(2), 153-168.
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